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Immunization
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael F. Para, Susan L. Koletar, Carter L. Diggs
Many factors determine the nature and extent of the response to immunization. These attributes of the vaccine include the physical, chemical, and conformational state of the antigenic agent, i.e., its antigenicity and other factors including the route and timing of administration and the condition of the host at the time of immunization.
Relation of Antigliadin Antibodies to Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy
Published in Tadeusz P. Chorzelski, Ernst H. Beutner, Vijay Kumar, Tadeusz K. Zalewski, Serologic Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, 2020
Wim Th. J. M. Hekkens, Marja van Twist - de Graaf
Gliadin contains more than 40 different proteins. The relative amounts of these proteins depend mainly on the differences in species. To provide more insight into the antigenicity of the different proteins, immunoblotting has been used by several authors.
Antigens
Published in Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla, Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla
The molecular weight of a substance is also important in determining immunogenicity. As a general rule, substances with higher molecular weights are more immunogenic. For example, somatotropin, Mr 45 kDa, is more immunogenic than adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Mr 4.6 kDa. Proteins with Mr <5–6 kDa are usually not immunogenic, however, exceptions occur. For example, glucagon with Mr 2.6 kDa is a good immunogen. A decrease in molecular size that does not affect antigenicity is accompanied by a decrease in immunogenicity, and an increase in tolerogenicity. Fragment A of flagellin (Mr 18 kDa) is more tolerogenic than the parent molecule (Mr 40 kDa).
Recent advances in nanoscale targeted therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Yadollah Omidi, Maha Mobasher, Ana M. Castejon, Morteza Mahmoudi
Of note, the hallmarks of the immunogenic cell death (ICD) are to stimulate the immune system to function against antigenic entities, through which the effector T cells can be activated and the immune system becomes responsive to any relapse of the diseases. Besides, upon the initiation of ICD in tumour cells, they display some traits that might intensify their immunogenicity. Among various cytotoxic agents, those capable of ICD induction are desirable to serve as a cytotoxic agent (e.g. warhead in ADCs). Furthermore, potent antigenicity together with adjuvanticity appears to be necessary for the appropriate immune responses with a long-term T cell memory. Such impacts also entail key signalling of specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns together with damage-associated molecular patterns, which can, in turn, stimulate the immune system [64].
The potential of intrinsically disordered regions in vaccine development
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Mehrdad Ameri, Navid Nezafat, Sedigheh Eskandari
Traditionally, the higher antigenicity is dependent on the higher complexity of the antigen. In addition, some ideas challenge the ability of disordered epitopes to induce a powerful antibody response. This quarrel is based on the fact that IDRs only acquire a specific conformation when they interact with their target protein, such as an antibody. Consequently, in this situation despite the specificity of the binding, the affinity of interaction is frequently low. Nevertheless, in the signaling pathways the signal needs to be turned on and off quickly; therefore, the ability to change conformations makes IDPs to act as important mediators in many cases. Another feature of antigens is flexibility, which causes immune induction; in this context, various B-cell epitopes have been determined to be disordered with the ability to induce tailored immune responses [13,14]. A study demonstrated that disordered epitopes are smaller compare to ordered epitopes, which makes them suitable to interact efficiently with antibodies. Additionally, applying a large dataset of protein antigens revealed that disordered epitopes are authentic targets for being recognized by antibodies [15].
Current vaccine approaches and emerging strategies against herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Vindya Nilakshi Wijesinghe, Isra Ahmad Farouk, Nur Zawanah Zabidi, Ashwini Puniyamurti, Wee Sim Choo, Sunil Kumar Lal
Additional variables and analysis for assessment of vaccine candidate quality are essential and can vary between studies. Such additional assessors may include analysis of antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, cytokine inducing ability, protein 3D structure refinements and validation, and more [140]. A recent immunoinformatic study presented a novel chimeric polyvalent vaccine through the use of epitope predictions and in silico reverse vaccinology techniques [141]. To achieve this, first, the selection of HSV strain was conducted through genome and proteome analysis using ViralZone and a web source of Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. From this search, six HSV glycoproteins were considered and analyzed against the human proteome. Homologous protein search (using NCBI dataset and BLAST tool) and multiple sequence alignment (using CLUSTALW algorithm) were then followed. Antigenicity and transmembrane properties of the most conserved sequences were then screened for and predicted using VaxiJen v2.0 and TMHMM v2.0 servers. Prediction of T-cell epitopes, transmembrane topologies and antigenicity analysis were studied and selected. Other assessments for toxicity, allergenicity and epitope conservancy were performed. After all assessments were established, the 3D epitope structure and molecular docking analysis were conducted. Final refinement and validation steps were also required before final vaccine candidate design completion [141].