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The Inducible System: Antigens
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Still, tissues cannot be freely transferred from one member of a species to another member of the same species. Molecules of one individual of a species which are antigenic in another member of the same species are called isoantigens and the antibodies that are produced are called isoantibodies. A well-studied example of such antigens is the ABO blood group system in humans. These blood groups are defined by the presence or absence of different glycoproteins on the surfaces of red blood cells. Groups A and B differ only in one sugar: group A glycoproteins have a terminal N-acetyl galactosamine amine and group B glycoproteins have galactos-amine. The genes thai determine these blood groups encode the transferases responsible for synthesis of the oligosaccharide portion of the glycoprotein. If an Individ ual lacks the gene for the A transferase, he will develop antibodies to A in his blood serum from exposure to similar bacterial antigenic determinants. If the blood of this individual is transfused to someone with type A blood, these isoantibodies will clump and destroy the red blood cells of the recipient. For this reason, careful blood typing is standard procedure before blood transfusion.
Blood transfusion and rhesus disease
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
What happened in the different animal species also occurred with humans and a persons blood could not always be given to another human with safety. The reason for that incompatibility was finally explained by Carl Landsteiner (1900) of the Institute of Pathological Anatomy at the University of Vienna. He and his coworkers demonstrated that mixing red cells of one person with the serum taken from another sometimes resulted in agglutination, that is, a clumping together of the red cells and later called isoagglutination. They discovered, in a study of 22 adults, that human blood contained naturally occurring antibodies which reacted with antigens of other humans (Landsteiner, 1901). Those red cell antigens were named A and B and due to Landsteiner’s experiments the classical ABO blood group system was formulated. The original ABO classification divided the human race into four groups, A, B, AB and O. Group O had neither A nor B antigens on their red cells, and could donate blood with safety to persons of all groups and became known as universal donors. Group AB individuals had neither anti-A nor anti-B in their serum and could receive blood of any group with safety and were known as universal recipients.
Immunohematology
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Gabriel Virella, Armand Glassman
The first human red cell antigen system to be characterized was the ABO blood group system. Specificity is determined by the terminal sugar in an oligosaccharide backbone structure. The terminal sugars of the oligosaccharides defining groups A and B are immunogenic. In group O, the precursor H oligosaccharide is not immunogenic. The red cells express A, B, both A and B, or neither, and antibodies are found in serum to antigens not expressed, as shown in Table 22.1.
Relationship between ABO blood groups and preeclampsia
Published in Hypertension in Pregnancy, 2020
Nanhathai Mahasub, Dittakarn Boriboonhirunsarn
The ABO blood group system is a classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells and it is the most generally used blood group classification in clinical practice. The ABO antigens are also highly expressed on the surface of a variety of human cells and tissues, including epithelium, sensory neurons, platelets, and vascular endothelium (1). Many studies have shown the association between ABO blood group and certain diseases including infections, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and nervous system diseases (2–5). Relationship between ABO blood group and pregnancy complications has also been investigated in many previous studies, but with conflicting results. It is still controversial whether there are associations between ABO blood type and various adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia and related disorders, venous thromboembolism, postpartum hemorrhage, and gestational diabetes (6).
ABO Blood Groups, Rh Factor, and Thyroid Cancer Risk: To ‘B’ or Not to ‘B’
Published in Endocrine Research, 2020
Abbas Ali Tam, Didem Özdemir, Sevgül Fakı, Muhammet Cüneyt Bilginer, Reyhan Ersoy, Bekir Çakır
Human blood group antigens are glycoproteins expressed on the surface of red blood cells and several other tissue types including epithelia, sensory neurons, platelets, and the vascular endothelia.10 The ABO blood group system has a vital importance in procedures related to blood transfusion and organ transplantations. It is also fundamental in genetics, forensic medicine, anthropology, and population studies.11 ABO blood group system was associated with the development of cardiovascular, oncological, and other diseases in previous studies.12 With regard to malignant diseases, firstly in 1953, blood group A was reported to be related with gastric cancer in the study by Aird et al. 13 From then on, the relationship between the ABO blood group and the risk, incidence, and clinicopathological characteristics of different malignant diseases were investigated. The data about the possible association between thyroid cancer and ABO blood groups and Rh factor are limited in the literature. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether ABO blood groups and Rh factor status have any impact on thyroid cancer risk.
Association between ABO blood group status and cochlear/neural function: auditory brainstem response findings
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Yunqiu Yang, Linda J. Hood, Bradley McPherson
Human blood groups are generally identified by red cell surface antigens. Red cell antigens are currently categorized into 38 systems and each system relates to a single gene or closely linked homologous genes [1]. The ABO blood group system was the first discovered system and consists of four major phenotypes – A, AB, B and O – generated by combinations of three alleles, two co-dominant, A and B, and one recessive, O. To identify individual blood group, the presence and absence of specific blood antigens are tested. A and B antigens can be found on the surface of red cells in blood group A and B, respectively. Blood group AB has both A and B antigens, while blood group O has neither.