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Interferons and their Mechanisms of Action
Published in Velibor Krsmanović, James F. Whitfield, Malignant Cell Secretion, 2019
The term interferon was coined in 1957 by Isaacs and Lindenmann2 for cell-secreted material mediating viral interference; that is, a phenomenon by which inactivated virus (influenza, in their experimental system) virus protected animal cells from the cytopathic effect of a later virus challenge. The initial characterization of “interferon” rapidly delineated a few remarkable features, such as its cells species specificity, its broad spectrum of antiviral activity, and the recognition by serological criteria of at least three species nowadays termed IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ.3
Cough Formation in Viral Infections in Children
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
O’Grady Kerry-Ann F., Ian M. Mackay, Anne B. Chang
These complex interactions appear to occur among all the viruses capable of triggering cough, the extent of which is likely governed by the nature of their triggering of innate immunity and interferon.175 We have noted virus–virus interactions in both hospital and community populations.135,170 Virus interference (from which the name interferon was derived) constricts the epidemic or pandemic periods of other viruses by reducing the number of fully susceptible hosts, for a brief, perhaps 2-week, period. At the cellular level, virus interference exploits the blockade of superinfection by a preceding viral infection.176
Dengue virus 4: the ‘black sheep’ of the family?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Achieving similar neutralizing antibody titers against all four DENV serotypes has been a challenge for many vaccine research groups. Some studies have described a lower humoral immune response against DENV-4 [4,11,12]. Various strategies have been followed to improve the immunogenicity of this serotype (Figure 1). In the case of vaccines based on attenuated viruses, a strategy aims at reducing the number of passages in cell cultures in order to induce lower attenuation profiles and, consequently, greater immunogenicity [5]. However, unwanted adverse events have been associated with this insufficient attenuation. Other strategies have focused in including higher concentrations of DENV-4 in the tetravalent formulation and increasing the representativeness of DENV-4 epitopes in the chimeric virus or the recombinant protein [13,14]. The outcomes of these approaches have to be carefully evaluated since viral interference or immune tolerance could affect the efficacy against the other three viral serotypes. In the following subsections, we will discuss in detail, some of these strategies.
Challenges in estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Kylie E. C. Ainslie, Michael Haber, Walt A. Orenstein
Selection bias may also occur if vaccination modifies the probability of developing non-influenza ARI because of virus interference. As a result, in TN studies, the probability of being considered a control depends on vaccination status because individuals who seek medical care for non-influenza ARI are used as controls. However, two simulation studies have shown that if the influenza vaccine increases the risk of non-influenza ARI, the bias of VE estimates will only be severe in extreme cases [19,78].
An increased occurrence of viral hepatitis A during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Tatina Todorova, Zhivka Stoykova, Tsvetelina Kostadinova
Alternatively, an explanation could be sought in the different entry portals of SARS-CoV-2 and HAV. In contrast to the influenza virus that shares the same epithelial receptor for cellular entry and interferes with SARS-CoV-2, HAV has a distinct way of host invasion. However, some authors have suggested a potential fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 [9]. Thus, viral interference could not be completely excluded.