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Prevalence, Mortality, and Risk Factors
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
According to the CDC, lifetime risks for type 2 diabetes currently stands at 40% in the United States. For some ethnic groups, risks are higher. This is a 20% increase for men and a 13% increase for women since 1985. Currently, Hispanic men and women, and African American women are at the highest risk for developing the disease. In these groups, more than 50% of people aged 20 or older are expected to develop it at some point. However, the number of life years lost in a typical patient, at age 40, declined from 7.7 years lost (in 1990–1999) to 5.8 years lost (in 2000–2011). This is because of the improvements in diabetes treatments.
Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attacks of the Brain and Eye
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
DALYs are the sum of life years lost as a result of premature death and years lived with disability (i.e. the number of “healthy” years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early death).
Post-Colonial Medicine
Published in Roger Cooter, John Pickstone, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, 2020
Western biomedicine has achieved a great deal in relieving health problems in developing nations. Yet the health of local populations in many former colonies continues to lag far behind that of the majority of peoples living in former colonizing countries. The World Bank’s measures the cost of ill health on human populations in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years Lost (DALYS). The Bank’s calculation of the DALYS per 1000 population in various regions of the world gives a crude indication of the gap that exists between the health of people living in developing countries and those in more developed economies [Table 1].6
Age-specific survival trends and life-years lost in women with breast cancer 1990–2016: the NORDCAN survival studies
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Frida E. Lundberg, Niels Kroman, Mats Lambe, Therese M.-L. Andersson, Gerda Engholm, Tom Børge Johannesen, Anni Virtanen, David Pettersson, Elínborg J. Ólafsdóttir, Helgi Birgisson, Paul C. Lambert, Lina Steinrud Mørch, Anna L. V. Johansson
To obtain recent survival estimates we utilized a period analysis approach, where the period window was 2013–2017 for Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 2012–2017 for Iceland and 2013–2016 for Finland. We included covariates for age and the interaction between time-since-diagnosis and age, as above, without the need to incorporate calendar year. Net probability of death was calculated as one minus relative survival. In addition, the crude probability of all-cause death and death due to breast cancer at 5 and 10 years after diagnosis, and the average number of life-years lost per patient, were estimated from the period analysis. The number of life-years lost per patient was calculated as the difference between the life expectancy of a person in the general population (by sex, age, and calendar year) and the predicted life expectancy of a patient with cancer (by sex and age), obtained through extrapolation of expected and relative survival [11,12]. To ensure comparability, the net and crude probabilities of death were age-standardized using the adapted ICSS1 weights. For crude probabilities of death and life-years lost, differences in background populations may also affect the comparability. Hence, to ensure comparability of crude probabilities and life-years lost, we incorporated the average background mortality in the Nordic countries in these predictions, rather than country-specific population mortality rates (‘reference-adjusted’) [13]. For comparison, we also present non-age-standardized estimates calculated using country-specific background mortality.
Stigma, depression, and post-traumatic growth among Chinese stroke survivors: A longitudinal study examining patterns and correlations
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2022
Ruidan Hu, Xiaoyan Wang, Zhihong Liu, Jiakun Hou, Yangyang Liu, Jinyi Tu, Miao Jia, Yue Liu, Hongzhen Zhou
Stroke is an accidental, uncontrollable, and potentially life-threatening traumatic event.1 It has become a global health problem, ranking third and first, respectively, among the leading causes of disability-adjusted life years lost worldwide2 and in China.3 Not only is physical function impaired by stroke, but mental health challenges can also arise due to insufficient social support. One-third of stroke patients will suffer from post-stroke depression (PSD) at some stage during rehabilitation, which is characterized by low mood, a lack of interest and pleasure, and leads to increased mortality, recurrence rate, and a poorer quality of life. 6,7 However, the etiology of PSD is not clear, with current evidence indicating that the occurrence of PSD is closely associated with both neurobiological factors (e.g. age, gender, genetics, inflammation, and neurotrophic factors) and psychosocial factors (e.g. disability, social isolation, low self-esteem, and stress).8 In contrast with interventions for neurobiological risk factors, those for psychosocial factors are less harmful and have a significant and lasting contribution to the wellbeing of stroke survivors.
Formulation of dispersible isoniazid/pyridoxine fixed-dose combination tablets for isoniazid preventive therapy in pediatrics
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2020
M. W. Mwangi, L. J. Tirop, P. M. Njogu, J. M. Bururia, N. M. Njuguna, E. G. Mbae
The global burden of TB is huge. According to the Global TB Report 2017, there were estimated 10.4 million TB incidences resulting in approximately 1,700,000 deaths globally in 2016 with highest mortality occurring in South-East Asia and Africa. The daily-adjusted life-years lost due to TB morbidity and mortality is 40 million (World Health Organization, 2017). Not surprising, TB is one of the major killer diseases in children. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, a million children suffer from TB and 140,000 deaths are reported annually (TB Alliance, 2017). Further, according to the TB Alliance, 7,000 children in Kenya were TB infected in 2015 with mortality rate and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases being highest among the under 5 years (TB Alliance, 2017). There currently are ongoing concerted efforts to halt the spread of TB with its attendant morbidity and mortality. One method advocated by the WHO as a control measure for TB is the prophylactic use of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT).