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Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Epidemiologists use a reasoning process based on biological inferences derived as a result of observation of disease occurrence in population groups. Epidemiologists integrate the concepts and methods of other disciplines such as statistics, sociology, and biology into their field. By using such multidisciplinary methods, they are usually able to establish the etiology of a specific disease or group of diseases. Epidemiological studies may provide the basis for the evaluation of the efficacy of disease preventive procedures and public health practices as well as of health services. Epidemiological methods can be applied to the study of any disease or condition, acute or chronic, infectious or noninfectious, communicable or non-communicable, and to the study of health as well.
Epidemiology
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
Several kinds of epidemiological studies have been developed. Each is designed to take advantage of a particular kind of situation from which the etiology of a disease can be studied. Different designs have different advantages and weaknesses. In selecting a design, or in evaluating the validity and appropriateness of a study, it is important to classify the design type and recognize its characteristic strengths and weaknesses.
Infectious Disease Data from Surveillance, Outbreak Investigation, and Epidemiological Studies
Published in Leonhard Held, Niel Hens, Philip O’Neill, Jacco Wallinga, Handbook of Infectious Disease Data Analysis, 2019
Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems [3]. Epidemiological studies can be experimental or observational. Examples of experimental studies are clinical trials used to study the effects, safety, and impact of pharmaceutical treatments or vaccination.
A harmonized protocol for an international multicenter prospective study of nanotechnology workers: the NanoExplore cohort
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Irina Guseva Canu, Ekaterina Plys, Camille Velarde Crézé, Carlos Fito, Nancy B. Hopf, Athena Progiou, Chiara Riganti, Jean-Jacques Sauvain, Giulia Squillacioti, Guillaume Suarez, Pascal Wild, Enrico Bergamaschi
There are four main prerequisites for the study protocol: i) to create a well-characterized registry of eligible participants (i.e. ENM worker registry) for prospective epidemiological studies by developing a solid, yet feasible recruitment strategy; ii) to harmonize and standardize all processes in deriving the exposure assessment strategy, in characterizing the population, in verifying pre-analytical requirements for the biomonitoring methods; iii) to select a panel of biomarkers for prospective epidemiological studies by assessing relationships between exposure and health effects at short-, medium- and longer-terms; iv) to evaluate associations between concentrations of airborne particle exposure and biomarkers of exposure and early effects in terms of causal inference after reducing, whenever possible, the extent of exposure (Schulte et al. 2016; Guseva Canu et al. 2013).
Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: genetic and environmental influences
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Aliki I. Venetsanopoulou, Yannis Alamanos, Paraskevi V. Voulgari, Alexandros A. Drosos
Epidemiological studies identify the distribution of diseases and factors underlying their source; Frequently used measures like prevalence and incidence provide essential information that may be used to evaluate strategies for disease control and as a guide to the management of patients in whom the disease has already developed. Nevertheless, studies on the epidemiology of RA present methodological differences, such as different sets of criteria to determine the disease onset. Other discrepancies may include the sample size, the minimum age for enrollment in the study, the lack of standardization for population differences, and time trends. However, most of the recently published studies follow the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for the definition of RA, include a sufficient sample of the community, enroll patients over the age of 16, and report age-adjusted prevalence rates. Still, a possible inherent bias in population studies remains and is difficult to control.
Brain Environment Interactions: Stress, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and the Need for a Postmortem Brain Collection
Published in Psychiatry, 2022
Elizabeth Osuch, Robert Ursano, He Li, Maree Webster, Chris Hough, Carol Fullerton, Gregory Leskin
Epidemiological studies are integral to defining the population(s) at risk and the natural course of illnesses affecting human behavior. Epidemiologic studies of the genetic influences on human behavior use methodologies such as family and twin studies in humans, and genetic analyses comparing healthy control subjects with people suffering from various mental illnesses. Clinical trials of medications and/or behavioral interventions are extremely important for developing treatment interventions for disorders. Animal studies involve organisms less complex than humans and provide much of the understanding of the essential mechanisms of physiological function and malfunction, and as such are indispensable components of human research. Pathology research looks at the tissue of humans and other animals after the death of individuals with mental illness in the former, and intentional alterations of genes and/or environment in the latter. Let us consider these research approaches in turn as they have contributed to our understanding of trauma responses.