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Neuropeptide Alterations in Depression and Anxiety Disorders
Published in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen, Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
David A. Gutman, Dominique L. Musselman, Charles B. Nemeroff
Two CRF receptor subtypes, CRF1 and CRF2, with distinct anatomical localization and receptor pharmacology, have been identified [6-10] in rats and humans. Both receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors and are positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase via Gs. The CRF1 receptor is predominantly expressed in the pituitary, cerebellum, and neocortex in the rat [11]. A growing body of evidence from animal studies has shown that CRF1receptors may specifically mediate some of the anxiogenic-like behaviors observed after administration of CRF [12,13]. The CRF2 receptor family is composed of two primary splice variants, CRF2A and CRF2B. The CRF2A receptor is more prevalent in subcortical regions, such as the ventromedial hypothalamus, lateral septum, and dorsal raphe nucleus, whereas CRF2B is more abundantly expressed in the periphery. In addition to CRF, several other endogeneous peptide ligands for CRF receptors have recently been discovered including urocortin [14], urocortin II, and urocortin III, and perhaps others [15,16]. With the discovery of several new putative endogenous ligands, much of the pharmacology and functional interactions between these ligands and receptors remains to be discovered [17,18].
How does early maternal separation and chronic stress in adult rats affect the immunoreactivity of serotonergic neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus?
Published in Stress, 2018
Antonella Pollano, Verónica Trujillo, Marta M. Suárez
On the other hand, DRD serotonergic neurons have reciprocal projections to anxiety-related structures, such as the medial prefrontal cortex and related limbic structures, including the basolateral and central amygdaloid nuclei, BNST, nucleus accumbens, dorsal hypothalamic area, and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (Hale et al., 2012). Like the anxiogenic stimulus of the conditioned fear test in all rats in our work, other anxiogenic stimuli have been found to increase c-Fos expression, including anxiogenic drugs such as caffeine (Abrams, Johnson, Hollis, & Lowry, 2004), and a member of the CRF family of neuropeptides with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor, urocortin II (Hale & Lowry, 2011; Staub et al., 2005), and exposure to social defeat (Gardner, Thrivikraman, Lightman, Plotsky, & Lowry, 2005). Interestingly, DRD activation was similar in MS-chronically stressed and in controls, suggesting an adaptive phenomenon.
Prospects for antimicrobial peptide-based immunotherapy approaches in Leishmania control
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2018
Farnaz Zahedifard, Sima Rafati
Urocortin II (UNCII) is a kind of neuropeptide, which can destroy promastigotes through pore formation in the membrane. The application of UNCII in L. major infected Balb/c mice can control the infection significantly and reduce footpad swelling and parasite load in footpad, spleen, liver and lymph nodes of treated animals [46].