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Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
The notion that protein degradation resulting from exercise is accelerated is based on previous observations of the amino acid, 3-methylhistidine. This amino acid is formed primarily as a product of contractile protein (actin and myosin) degradation and does not contribute to the synthesis of new protein (26, 89). Thus, it can be concluded that changes in 3-methylhistidine excretion may be associated with the degree of contractile protein degradation occurring during and after exercise. Research involving both animal (40, 57, 58) and human (169) participants suggests that 3-methylhistidine released from muscle may decrease during aerobic and anaerobic exercise, including weight training (58, 65, 164); however, its release is greatly increased post-exercise, suggesting that contractile protein catabolism does take place. While further research is needed, the exact nature of protein catabolism resulting from exercise is not clear and likely depends on several factors, including exercise type, volume, and intensity. Furthermore, caution must be used when interpreting existing information, as a few extramuscular sites contain contractile protein (gut and skin) that could contribute substantially (up to 25%) to the 3-methylhistidine excretion in humans (2).
Intracellular Peptide Turnover: Properties and Physiological Significance of the Major Peptide Hydrolases of Brain Cytosol
Published in Gerard O’Cuinn, Metabolism of Brain Peptides, 2020
A uniform tissue distribution of a proteinase speaks for a general role of the enzyme in protein metabolism. Mantle addressed the question of the function of three cytosolic aminopeptidases and an omega peptidase (pyroglutamyl peptidase I)10. Their distribution in human cerebral cortex, skeletal muscle and kidney were compared as were their properties following complete purification. The enzymes were present in similar absolute and relative amounts in the three tissues and had similar properties in the three tissues. He concluded that the principal role for soluble aminopeptidases is in the final stages of intracellular protein catabolism.
General Outlines of Adaptation Processes and the Biological Nature of Exercise Training
Published in Atko Viru, Adaptation in Sports Training, 2017
The adaptive protein synthesis needs: (1) creation of inductors acting on the cellular genetic apparatus and calling forth the specifically related synthesis of the concerned proteins, (2) supply of synthesis processes by building materials’ (amino acids and precursors for synthesis of ribonuclear acids), (3) destruction of the old, physiologically exhausted cellular elements, and (4) supply of synthesis processes by energy. The first task will be fulfilled by the metabolic changes during exercise as well as by hormonal changes during and after exercise (see Chapter 8). An essential role here belongs to protein catabolism.16 All other tasks are deeply related to activation of the mechanism of general adaptation. Therefore, the load of training sessions has to be sufficiently high to activate the mechanism of general adaptation including the pronounced alterations in endocrine functions.
The body mass index change is associated with death or hemodialysis transfer in Japanese patients initiating peritoneal dialysis
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Daiki Kojima, Naoki Washida, Kiyotaka Uchiyama, Eriko Yoshida Hama, Tomoki Nagasaka, Ei Kusahana, Takashin Nakayama, Kengo Nagashima, Yasunori Sato, Kohkichi Morimoto, Takeshi Kanda, Hiroshi Itoh
To prevent PEW and achieve a stable or increased BMI, adequate energy intake (25–35 kcal/kg/day) and protein requirement (1.0–1.2 g/kg/day) are recommended in patients on HD and PD [31,32]. Minimal energy intake accelerates protein catabolism and low protein intake (<0.8 g/kg/day) has been reported to be associated with an increased mortality rate [33]. The CKD guidelines recommend Medical Nutrition Therapy recommendations by a registered dietitian/nutritionist, physician, or nursing practitioner to assess adequate caloric intake and protein. They also state 24-h food recalls and food frequency questionnaires [31]. Considering that CKD patients are more prone to PEW, the appropriate treatment for metabolic disorders such as metabolic acidosis, chronic inflammation, and hormone deficiencies, as well as the prescription of an optimized dialysis regimen, are also necessary [29].
Functional decline in people with diabetes: Bidirectional relationships between body function and activity–participation components in a two-wave longitudinal structural equation modeling
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Kaio C. Pinhal, Pedro S. Figueiredo, Vinícius C. De Oliveira, Wellington F. Gomes, Andrei P. Pernambuco, Marcus A. Alcantara
The absence of a control group makes it difficult to determine whether these changes are caused either by diabetes or by natural causes related to age. However, only a quarter of participants in present study were over 65 years old. Therefore, it is possible that changes associated with aging have a low impact on the participants. Although the association between functional decline and aging is recognizable, it is known that this relation is aggravated by the presence of chronic diseases such as diabetes (Rekeneire and Volpato, 2015). The loss of functional capability in people with diabetes is explained, at least in part, by the accelerated loss of muscle mass and intrinsic strength associated with the aging process (Gregg et al., 2000). The effects of aging are potentialized by chronic hyperglycemia, since insulin deficiency or resistance leads to a state of protein catabolism. Insulin therapy may attenuate these metabolic conditions (Landi, Onder, and Bernabei, 2013). Although our study did not control for insulin use among participants, we speculate about the limited effect of clinical interventions like this on the functional decline of people with diabetes, given the significant worsening in pain, activity, and participation levels found in this study.
The Relationship Between Nutritional Status, Performance Status, and Survival Among Pancreatic Cancer Patients
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Derya Hopanci Bicakli, Ruchan Uslu, Sedat Can Güney, Ahmet Coker
Pancreatic cancer (PanCa) ranks fourth among all cancer-related deaths globally. Many PanCa patients, with aggressive tumor biology of the disease, are caught in the metastatic stage and often progress with poor prognosis (1). One out of three PanCa patients loose >10% of their pre-diagnosis body weight (2,3). Majority of the patients experience symptoms such as abdominal pain, premature satiety, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation (4). Surgical resection, one of the major components of PanCa treatment, can induce or worsen these symptoms (5). Protein catabolism also takes place in addition to the tumor-led hyper-metabolism, and energy consumption increases (6). Steatorrhea, one of the symptoms caused by pancreatic endocrine and exocrine insufficiency, leads to bloating, fat absorption failure, diabetes mellitus, weight loss, and malnutrition (5,7). Cachexia is known to be an important cause of reduced quality-of-life (QoL), shortened survival time, and treatment failure among PanCa patients (6,8). Similarly, the stabilization of body weight in nonresectable PanCa cases is associated with patient survival and QoL. Malnutrition has been demonstrated by various studies to cause skeletal muscle wasting and fat deterioration; prolonged hospital stay; increased risk of complications and reduced response to treatment; and increased morbidity and mortality (3,6). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nutritional status and performance status of PanCa patients and to determine whether these parameters and survival time are related.