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Introduction
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Talita Turvey, Samantha R. Loggenberg, Namrita Lall
Primary metabolites include compounds such as glucose, starch, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and nucleic acids, while secondary metabolites include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins and many other compounds. Secondary metabolites, known as ‘plant-derived compounds,’ are present in all plants and due to several genetic and environmental factors, the ratios of these metabolites may be unique to each specific species. This leads to varying therapeutic properties of the different species of plants (Martinez et al., 2008).
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
In the plant kingdom, primary metabolites have functions that are essential to growth and development and are therefore present in all plants. Primary metabolites in plants include carbohydrates (sugars), polysaccharides, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids), organic acids, and water-soluble vitamins (B group and C) (33–35). Primary metabolites are produced using the same (or nearly the same) biochemical pathways (33). Plant primary metabolites are generally obtained by photosynthesis, a process that needs sunlight, water, and air. All primary metabolites are essential to life because they provide energy for plants to survive and spread and consequently, for humans and animals also. Humans knew how to use plant primary metabolites as food since antiquity and then how to select them for cultivation. Humans and herbivore animals use these primary metabolites of plants as their food. Most of them are essential for human life. In the synthesis of plant metabolites, if any of the raw materials, such as water, is in shortage, all living things in this area could die together. Besides their main uses as energy sources, some primary metabolites also have medicinal properties for the prevention of some chronic diseases. For example, unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils are used for the prevention of CVDs; or β-glucan, a polysaccharide, present in oat and barley, for the lowering of hypercholesterolemia (33).
Nanoparticle-Based Delivery of Plant Metabolites
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Shesan John Owonubi, Emmanuel Mukwevho, Neerish Revaprasadu
Metabolism refers to the entire biochemical reactions carried out by a living organism. Two major pathways are encountered in the metabolism process yielding varied end products: the primary pathway and the secondary pathway. The end products of these two pathways result in what we refer to as ‘metabolites.’ Metabolites are simply those substances which aid in metabolism or are formed because of the process of metabolism. The primary metabolism pathway yields what are called primary metabolites that are in the minority and perform very important evident roles, as opposed to the secondary metabolites from the secondary pathway which are the majority but do not aid in any notable roles [83, 89].
Partial least squares regression with compositional response variables and covariates
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2021
Jiajia Chen, Xiaoqin Zhang, Karel Hron
The PLS regression model discussed in the previous section is applied to a data set from metabolomics, where 16 Astragali Radix samples and 16 rats were collected, respectively [19]. This data set thus includes the chemical metabolites of Astragali Radix and the plasma metabolites of rat after giving Astragali Radix. The chemical metabolites consist of two compositional variables: primary metabolites 1. The plasma metabolites and chemical metabolites data sets are given in Appendix A.4.
Understanding metabolism related differences in ocular efficacy of MGV354
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Jennifer L. Dumouchel, Upendra A. Argikar, Christopher M. Adams, Ganesh Prasanna, Takeru Ehara, Sean Kim, Chris Breen, Muneto Mogi
A total of 26 metabolites were identified from all the in vitro and in vivo matrices studied herein. Of these, nine were primary metabolites. Hepatic metabolism was largely similar across rabbit, monkey, and human with minor but explicit inter-species differences. Neither human specific metabolites nor metabolites resulting from bioactivation, such as GSH conjugates, were detected. However, the rate and extent of MGV354 metabolism was higher in hepatocytes from laboratory animals than from humans. The metabolic pathways included hydroxylation, multiple oxidations, dealkylation, glucuronidation, acetylation, and combinations of these pathways. The rate and extent of ocular metabolism were similar in rabbit, monkey and human. In addition, there were no species related differences in ocular metabolism of MGV354.
Lactobacillus and Pediococcus ameliorate progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through modulation of the gut microbiome
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Na Young Lee, Sang Jun Yoon, Dae Hee Han, Haripriya Gupta, Gi Soo Youn, Min Jea Shin, Young Lim Ham, Min Jung Kwak, Byung Yong Kim, Jeong Seok Yu, Do Yup Lee, Tae-Sik Park, Si-Hyun Park, Byoung Kook Kim, Hyun Chae Joung, In Suk Choi, Ji Taek Hong, Dong Joon Kim, Sang Hak Han, Ki Tae Suk
We evaluated stool metabolites of P. pentosaceus KID7 group because the P. pentosaceus KID7 group revealed a moderate effect among the four strains. In the mass-spectrometric analysis of primary metabolites, differential metabolic modulation was observed according to the types of diet and supplementation (normal control group vs. P. pentosaceus KID7 treatment group vs. western diet group). Hierarchical clustering analysis captured two distinctive clusters that presented comparable abundances in metabolite composition between normal diet group and KID7-treated group (Figure 6). Glucose, mannose, sorbitol, threonic acid, oleamide, and uracil showed the significantly higher levels in both the normal control and P. pentosaceus KID7-treated groups than in the western diet group. By contrary, the levels of certain amino acids (glutamate and proline), dihydroxyacetone, urea, and stearic acid were significantly higher in the Western diet group. Additionally, unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) and cholesterol were at marginally higher abundances in the Western diet group.