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The Endocrine System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The pituitary gland or hypophysis is located in a small cavity in the floor of the skull behind the bridge of the nose. It is about the size of a pea, consisting of two lobes secreting different hormones, and is connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk. Functions of the anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) are regulated by the hypothalamus, which also regulates thirst, appetite and caloric intake, sleep-wake behavior, emotions, autonomic balance, and cognition (a knowing or recognition).
Fever In Endocrinologic Disorders
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Ygal Gilboa, Elisabeth Horer, B. Isaac
Hypopituitarism is a partial or total failure of the anterior hypophysis. One has to differentiate between: Primary hypopituitarism, due to intrinsic pituitary gland disease as in surgical ablation, radiation, nonsecretory pituitary tumors, metastatic tumors, infection of the pituitary (commonly associated with postpartum hemorrhage), infiltrative or granulomatous processes, hypophysitis, mycoses, tuberculosis (very rare nowadays), maldevelopment of the pituitary gland.Secondary hypopituitarism due to damage of the hypophysiotropic area of the hypothalamus as in craniopharyngioma, trauma, infections, hydrocephalus, granulomatous lesions, congenital malformations.
Neuroendocrine Morphology
Published in Paul V. Malven, Mammalian Neuroendocrinology, 2019
Because of its intrinsic functions and its many connecting pathways illustrated in Figure 2-3, the hypothalamus is an important component of the limbic system. The hypothalamus also mediates the linkage between neuronal functions of the limbic system and the hormonal functions of the hypophysis.
Parameter study on characteristic pulse diagram of polycystic ovary syndrome based on logistic regression analysis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Weiying Wang, Weiwei Zeng, Xinmin Chen, Liping Tu, Jiatuo Xu, Xiuqi Yin
The exclusion criteria were as follows:The cases did not meet the inclusion criteria of this study;Other possible causes of hyperandrogenism, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing’s syndrome, and androgen-secreting tumours;Other diseases that cause ovulation disorders, such as hyperprolactinaemia, premature ovarian failure, pituitary or hypophysis thalamic amenorrhoea and abnormal thyroid function;Patients who used hormonal drugs (such as contraceptives, ovulation stimulators and glucocorticoid drugs) within the past month;Patients had serious primary diseases in internal medicine and surgery;Patients were unable to cooperate to complete the research plan, including a history of infectious diseases, mental illness and other diseases;Patients with unstable pulse wave diagram.
Thyroid functions as a parameter in monitoring of antiepileptic drugs
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Ekim Comert, Ulufer Celebi, Bilge Piri Cinar, Mustafa Acikgoz, Esra Aciman Demirel, Huseyin Tugrul Atasoy
Many studies have been conducted on the negative impacts of AEDs on the hematological, endocrinological, and central nervous systems, as well as the ligaments of the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of antiepileptic therapy on thyroid function in epileptic patients. Synthesis of thyroid hormones takes place in the thyroid gland under the control of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus stimulates TSH release from the hypophysis gland. T4 hormone is released from the thyroid gland and is converted into T3 hormone, which is a more active hormone with deiodinase enzyme in peripheral tissues [7]. T3 and T4 circulate through the blood in two forms: freely or bound. More than 99.8% of the thyroid hormone circulating in blood is bound to the plasma proteins thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin, and albumin. Less than 1% of the hormone in a free solution is in equilibrium with bound hormone [5].
Occurrence of Hypopituitarism in Tunisian Turner Syndrome patients: familial versus sporadic cases
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
M. Mnif-Feki, W. Safi, N. Bougacha-Elleuch, G. Abid, M. Moalla, M. Elleuch, D. H. Ben Salah, N. Rekik, N. Belguith, F. Abdelhedi, T. Kammoun, M. Hachicha, N. Charfi, F. Mnif, H. Kammoun, H. Hadj Kacem, F. Hadj-Kacem, M. Abid
TS is known to be associated with congenital abnormalities, yet association with Hypopituitarism is an unfamiliar finding. The first case of a pituitary deficiency co-occurring with gonadal dysgenesis owing to a TS was described by Efstathiadou in 2000 [7]. At the onset, the patient was diagnosed with somatotropin, thyrotropin, and gonadotropin deficiencies. Afterward, with the ascertainment of several clinical characteristics and the absence of ovarian tissue on ultrasound, karyotype was carried out. Results revealed concrete gonadal dysgenesis secondary to TS with no evidence of mosaicism. MRI showed a hypoplastic pituitary gland and an ectopic localization of neuro-hypophysis. So far, only nine cases of TS associated with Hypopituitarism have been reported in the literature (Table 3). Three congenital cases with such an association were already reported in 2016 by our team, as described in Table 1 (cases 4, 5, and 6) [4]. Up to date, only 12 cases with Hypopituitarism associated with TS are described (half of them are reported in our series). Interestingly, the familial occurrence of this association is seen in 5 out of 12 patients.