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Marine Biotoxins: Symptoms and Monitoring Programs
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Huma Bader Ul Ain, Farhan Saeed, Hafiza Sidra Yaseen, Tabussam Tufail, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
The major source of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a marine dino-flagellate species (Alexandrium fundyense, Alexandrium pacificum, Alexandrium australiense, Alexandrium minutum) and cyanobacteria [65]. Paralytic shellfish poisoning is a foodborne illness that is due to quickly acting nerve-damaging toxin having a structure of 3,4,6-trialkyltetrahydropurine. This poison can act by inhibiting the voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons and can impair the transmission of impulses in skeletal and cardiac muscle due to which sudden death may occur [64]. Paralytic shellfish poisoning poisons represent the most genuine risk to general health and cause limitless monetary loss [15].
Saxitoxin and Related Paralytic Shellfish Toxins
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Leanne Andrea Pearson, Brett Anthony Neilan
Paralytic shellfish poisoning is a potentially deadly but preventable syndrome that affects thousands of people annually. Intoxications usually occur via the consumption of seafood contaminated with dinoflagellate toxins; however, freshwater aquatic organisms exposed to cyanobacterial toxins also pose a risk.52
Clinical Toxicology of Shellfish Poisoning
Published in Jürg Meier, Julian White, Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, 2017
Illness from ingestion of affected shellfish has a similar initial presentation to paralytic shellfish poisoning. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in minutes and may be up to three hours after eating the shellfish7. Prominent gastrointestinal symptoms are associated with NSP. Affected individuals initially notice nausea, abdominal pains and diarrhoea in association with circumoral paraesthesia which progresses to include the pharynx, trunk and limbs89. Ataxia, vertigo and incoordination may occur and rarely convulsions requiring respiratory support3. Other symptoms and signs include bradycardia, headache and dilated pupils. Paralysis does not occur, and fatalities have not been recorded86.
Quantitative analysis of tetramethylammonium levels in a case of poisoning after ingestion of the sea snail, Neptunea arthritica
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Changshin Kang, Hyejin Chang, Suncheun Kim, Wonjoon Jeong, Yeonho You, Sung Uk Cho, Se Kwang Oh, Jung Soo Park, Jin Hong Min, Seung Ryu
The distribution of TMA throughout the body is very fast, and a substantial amount of TMA accumulates in the kidney [4]. TMA is excreted in urine in an almost unchanged form. Neef et al. calculated a TMA half-life of 60 min using a pharmacokinetic formula that measured the excretion rate in the bile, urine, and intestine [6]. Our patient recovered completely within 8 h of Neptunea arthritica ingestion without any specific treatment. Although the blood TMA concentration was unknown at the time of examination, it was later found that 3.12 mg/L of TMA in the blood was of sufficient toxicity to cause symptoms, including the blurred vision and motor weakness observed in this case. However, a single case is insufficient to predict the toxicokinetic of TMA in the human body. Additionally, it could be a limitation in this report that we did not measure other potential toxins such as paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) and tetrodotoxin (TTX), although the presented illness and symptoms of patient had potential possibility of intoxication for PSP and TTX.
A case of fatal paralytic shellfish poisoning in Alaska
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Courtney Temple, Adrienne Hughes
Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Alaska is common and results from the consumption of dinoflagellate contaminated marine species. Coastlines are routinely monitored for Saxitoxin (SXT) and SXT analogue containing shellfish that cause paralytic type shellfish poisoning (PSP) via selective blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels. Most cases of PSP result in mild paresthesias and gastrointestinal upset and are self-limited. Respiratory paralysis and cardiovascular collapse have rarely been reported [1] and fatality rates are as low as 1% [2]. We present a fatal case of PSP in an adult Alaskan female after ingestion of SXT containing shellfish.
Human poisonings by neurotoxic phycotoxins related to the consumption of shellfish: study of cases registered by the French Poison Control Centres from 2012 to 2019
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Sandra Sinno-Tellier, Eric Abadie, Luc de Haro, Nathalie Paret, Jérôme Langrand, Gaël Le Roux, Magali Labadie, David Boels, Juliette Bloch, Nicolas Delcourt
In June 2019, the Rapid Alert System for Feed and Food (RASFF), which is informed whenever a contaminated product is detected on the European market, informed the competent European authorities of two batches of mussels imported from Italy that were contaminated by saxitoxin. Although the saxitoxin concentrations measured as part of the distributor’s own testing did not exceed the regulatory limits, the distributor had withdrawn the product from the market as a precautionary measure. Some batches had nonetheless been distributed and consumed. During the same period, a Poison Control Centre (PCC) reported the case of a person who had developed neurological signs potentially associated with the consumption of contaminated mussels to the French National Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES) [7]. ANSES is responsible for coordinating toxicovigilance in France. The symptoms and the time to onset were consistent with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) according to the US Centers for Disease Control definition of PSP [8]. However, confirmation of this assumption met with two difficulties: the saxitoxin concentrations measured in the mussels from the implicated batch (313 µg eq. STX/kg mussel flesh) were below the regulatory threshold (800 µg eq. STX/kg shellfish flesh); no biological samples (blood, urine, etc.) had been collected to test for saxitoxin. The link between the symptoms and exposure to paralytic toxins was established based on the report received by the RASFF from the product distributor, which was not mandatory since the measured concentrations were below the regulatory limit. This alert highlights the probable under-diagnosis of human poisoning cases with neurotoxic phycotoxins, since the link between shellfish consumption and neurological signs is, depending on the situation, neither routinely sought nor established.