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Stammering and voice
Published in Trudy Stewart, Stammering Resources for Adults and Teenagers, 2020
The articulators include: VelumHard palateTongueTeethLips. These structures help to shape and create distinct sounds that are recognised as speech.
Vocal Motor Disorders *
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Articulation is the movement of speech organs involved in the pronunciation of a particular sound. The formation of words depends upon the rapid, orderly succession of individual muscle movements of the larynx, mouth, respiratory system, tongue, and vocal cords. The articulators have been described as the most sophisticated motor system. In addition to coordinating these organs, there must be sequencing (i.e., adjustment, in advance, of the intensity and duration of each sound). Articulation is activated by the facial and laryngeal regions of the motor cortex. Sequences and the intensity of muscular contractions are influenced by the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the SC (Guyton & Hall, 2000, p. 655, pp. 669–670).
Basic science
Published in Declan Costello, Guri Sandhu, Practical Laryngology, 2015
Chadwan Al Yaghchi, Martin Birchall
There are various components of the vocal tract: Activator. The lungs and respiratory muscles produce airflow through the vocal folds, causing them to vibrate.Generator. The vocal folds act as vibrators.Resonator. The voice signal produced by the vocal folds is modulated within the various pharyngeal and supraglottic cavities. The resonating frequency of these cavities can be adjusted by a change in their three-dimensional shape.Articulator. The palate, tongue, teeth and lips can further modulate the voice signal to produce speech.
A comparison of phonological and articulation-based approaches to accent modification using small groups
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2021
Carol A. Tessel, Jenna Silver Luque
The participants then split up into two groups, each having one assigned student clinician, with the assigned supervising SLP observing. The participants typically completed three group activities focused on that week’s pattern. All activities were production based although some contained an added perceptual element where participants would judge each other’s productions. In order to model accurate production of the target, the clinicians often read a list of words that were vulnerable to the target process (e.g., words with final consonants for the final consonant deletion week) before beginning the first activity. Activities used in the PC group included those focused on minimal pairs and multiple oppositions using games such as word bingo. An example of an activity was one in which the participants took turns producing provided minimal pairs and discussed errors made (a complete list of activities used is available upon request). When a participant produced a target word incorrectly, their clinician informed them of what their production sounded like and asked them to say it again after providing a model. When appropriate, the clinicians pointed out the participant’s errors by explaining how their error changed the meaning of the word (e.g., you said law, but the word was lawn, as in the lawn outside your house, can you say lawn again). Clinicians often used enhanced prosody to model each word and to elicit more native-like production. Clinicians were instructed not to give articulation or segment-based feedback such as, articulator placement or isolated phoneme imitation.
A real time image-guided reposition system for the loosed bone graft in orthognathic surgery
Published in Computer Assisted Surgery, 2021
Xiaojun Chen, Yang Li, Lu Xu, Yi Sun, Constantinus Politis, Xiaoyi Jiang
As for the bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, although the surgical splint technique is typically used to reposition the maxilla intraoperatively, the limitations are obvious. For example, it is time-consuming requiring a great deal of laboratory work since the surgical splint is usually manufactured based on the traditional model surgery. Furthermore, it has a quite high level of imprecision due to the errors caused during the procedures such as bite registration, facebow registration, transferring the facebow to the articulator, and measurement of the movement of the plaster cast [16,17]. Secondly, even if the splint now can be fabricated through the computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies for improving the accuracy in the conventional model process [18,19], the intermediate splint placed on the instability of the mandible may directly interfere with the placement of the maxilla in the desired position [20]. The average time for preparation of occlusal splints is less than an hour. However, our surgical navigation system can avoid the usage of occlusal splints, and the average time consumption for the registration and calibration is around 10 min.
Is it possible to detect a true rotation axis of the temporomandibular joint with common pantographic methods? A fundamental kinematic analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
The determination or knowledge of the position of the THA plays a central role for this articulator concept. It is assumed that the mandible performs a movement, which can be described via a combination of rotations and translations of this axis (Catic and Naeije 1999). Following that assumption, the clinical processes first imply the determination of the axis of rotation (e.g., individual and arbitrary terminal hinge axis) followed by the determination of angles and translational shifts of some specified axis movements (sagittal inclination, Bennett angle, immediate side shift, etc.) (Ahlers et al. 2015). With these values, the physical articulators can be programmed to approximate the mandibular movement with only a few parameters.