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The fundamentals of health care education
Published in Joseph A. Balogun, Health Care Education in Nigeria, 2020
During the first world war in 1917, Zander’s machines and Ling’s Swedish exercises were used to treat the injured soldiers. During that era, physiotherapy was known as “mechanotherapy,” and Zander machines were widely used. In 1920, an outbreak of poliomyelitis led to higher demand for physiotherapy services. In 1921, PT Review published the first research paper, and Mary McMillan, known as the “mother of physical therapy” established the American Women’s Physical Therapeutic Association – currently known as the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). The importance of physiotherapy as a health discipline shot to prominence during the Second World War (1935–1945), with the establishment of clinics to treat injured soldiers. In early 1950, physiotherapy was primarily hospital-based and did not extend beyond the four walls of the hospital setting until the late 1950s. By 1974, the APTA formed the orthopedic section, and the International Federation of Orthopedic Manipulative Therapy established the same year (Sahi and Dutta, 2020).
The Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
gymnastic exercises have also been used in therapeutics since ancient times. The Italians of the Renaissance were well aware of its value and P. P. vergerio (1348-1419), of Capodistria, gives to physical culture an interesting chapter in his book on the education of the adolescent. Other Italian apostles of gymnastics were Vittorino da feltre (1378-1446), Francesco filelfo (1398-1481), and Gerolamo mercuriale, whose De arte gymnastica (1569) is the first complete text on the subject and has served as a model for all subsequent works of its kind. We have seen that Sydenham was a strong advocate of horseback riding, influencing Francis Fuller (Medica Gymnastica, 1705) and Benjamin Rush, who, like the English Hippocrates, sent his patients on long horseback journeys to cure a variety of chronic ills. In the same vein is Theodor quellmaltz’s (1696–1758) rocking-horse, the progenitor of the electric horses of modern gymnasiums (Novum Sanitatis praesidium). S. A. Tissot and J. P. Frank were also enthusiastic advocates of gymnastic exercises for the young. The reviver of medical gymnastics was the Swede Per Hendrik ling (1776–1839), whose system used few mechanical aids and was based on the acquisition of increased mastery by the will over the movements of the body (see the section on Orthopedics). Though at first opposed by the medical profession, he eventually made the Stockholm Institute the centre of the theory and practice of medical gymnastics. To Ling’s gymnastics without apparatus Zander added many mechanical devices (mechanotherapy) that seemed to him better calculated to develop special muscle systems (1865). German Turnvereine, important elements in Teutonic physical culture, arose from the Turnhalle gymnasium of F. L. jahn (1778-1852), who devised exercises especially in order to fit German youth physically to rise above Napoleonic domination (1810).
Polio
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
Historically, the formal practice of medical rehabilitation – the process of promoting and facilitating recovery from physical damage or clinical disease – dates back to the end of the nineteenth century when the concept of motor re-education was first proposed.35 Physiotherapy, one of the key components of medical rehabilitation, first appeared in the English language in 1900 where it was described as “the use of natural forces such as light, heat, air, water and exercise in the treatment of disease”.36 Gustav Zander, a Swedish physician, pioneered medico-mechanotherapy, the promotion of health and healing through the use of exercise machines that he designed in the late 1800s. In the early 1900s, two physicians trained by him established the Zander Room at the Massachusetts General Hospital, furnished with the earliest version of progressive resistance exercise equipment.37 This progress in rehabilitation medicine was just in time for the influx of men injured in World War I and young patients paralyzed by polio. In the early stages of recovery from paralytic polio, therapy evolved to focus on light stretching of paralyzed muscles to prevent contracture, positioning and support of weakened muscles and joints, and hot packs to reduce painful muscle spasms. As muscle strength returned and muscle spasms resolved, physical therapists used manual muscle testing to grade the specific strength of involved muscles. They then applied selective resistance to facilitate movement and increase strength. Patients were trained to perform repetitive muscle re-education exercises based on the response to daily physiotherapy sessions. Patients learned to substitute for a paralyzed muscle by using surrounding, stronger muscles to perform the same function, guided by the results of repeated muscle function evaluation. As strength improved, progressive resistance exercises were used, often with water submersion. Over time, there was an increased emphasis on function including self-care and mobility with specific focus on gait training using parallel bars and, when necessary, leg braces. Many of these techniques developed and evolved specifically as part of the effort to rehabilitate polio survivors, who included very young children.35
Treatment of individuals with chronic bicipital tendinopathy using dry needling, eccentric-concentric exercise and stretching; a case series
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2020
Amy W. McDevitt, Suzanne J. Snodgrass, Joshua A. Cleland, Mary Becky R Leibold, Lindsay A. Krause, Paul E. Mintken
The mechanisms proposed to be at work with tendon DN and EE interventions have been described independently in the literature. According to Chiavaras and Jacobson (2013) the purpose of tendon fenestration is to induce bleeding, inflammation, and release of local tissue factors to create a healing response, resulting in the remodeling of chronic pathologic tendon changes. The concentric and eccentric component of the exercise intervention may be promoting tissue healing by a process Khan and Scott (2009) describe as “mechanotransduction” or the ongoing physiological process of cells sensing and responding to mechanical loads. The more active term “mechanotherapy” describes how load may be used therapeutically to stimulate tissue repair and remodel tendon. Studies (Alfredson, Pietila, Jonsson, and Lorentzon, 1998; Boyer, Goldfarb, and Gelberman, 2005) have shown that tendons can respond to controlled loading following injury. Additionally, a systematic review by Malliaras, Barton, Reeves, and Langberg (2013) concluded that the eccentric-concentric loading should be utilized either alongside or in replacement of eccentric loading in tendinopathy. However, the balance between managing what Vicenzino (2015) terms “offending activities” versus ideal, controlled loading activities can be difficult to determine. Our hypothesis is that somehow the combination of these two interventions may have stimulated tissue remodeling.
Comparison of rate of tooth movement and pain perception during accelerated tooth movement associated with conventional fixed appliances with micro-osteoperforations – a randomised controlled trial
Published in Journal of Orthodontics, 2018
Sonal Attri, Rashmi Mittal, Puneet Batra, Saurabh Sonar, Karan Sharma, Sreevatsan Raghavan, Kriti Sharma Rai
The study was carried out in a national dental council accredited dental college with post-graduation residency programme in orthodontics. All participants were treated by post-graduate students under the supervision of experienced faculty. The patients who had participated in the trial could represent a typical orthodontic caseload requiring fixed mechanotherapy and extraction of teeth for treatment. We could therefore assume that the results of the present trial could be applicable in most clinical settings, more so in adults as the use of MOP’s may accelerate the rate of OTM thereby potentially reducing the overall treatment time, without being too uncomfortable for the patient as indicated by the pain perception data.