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Granulation of Plant Products and Nutraceuticals
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Roller compaction of a milled botanical (Baphicacanthus cusia) with and without a binder, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), was conducted. Larger-sized and less friable granules were obtained with decreasing roller speed. The addition of PVP affected the flowability and binding capacity of the herbal powder blend, which influenced the size and friability of the granules. The co-milling of PVP with the herbal powder enhanced the flow of the blends and the effectiveness of the binder, which contributed favorably to the roller-compacted product [44]. Aloe vera gel is the colorless gel contained in the inner parts of the fresh leaves. Chemical analysis has revealed that this clear gel contains amino acids, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, proteins, polysaccharides, and biological stimulators. Fast-dissolving tablets of the nutraceutical, freeze-dried Aloe vera gel were prepared by the dry granulation method utilizing the factorial design. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that to obtain a fast-dissolving tablet of the Aloe vera gel, an optimum concentration of mannitol and a higher content of microcrystalline cellulose should be used [45]. Spray-dried extract of Maytenus ilicifolia, widely used in Brazil, as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiulcerogenic, was dry granulated using roller compaction process. The compressional behavior of spray-dried extract and granules made from roller compaction was characterized by Heckel plots. The tablet properties of powders, granules, and formulations containing high extract doses were compared [46].
Epstein–Barr Virus and Treatment of Its Infection
Published in Satya Prakash Gupta, Cancer-Causing Viruses and Their Inhibitors, 2014
Tarun Jha, Amit Kumar Halder, Nilanjan Adhikari
Murakami et al. (2004) reported six cytotoxic quassinoids and four canthin alkaloids; compound 107 (Figure 6.11) was found to be the most active. A SAR study suggested that quassinoids that had an α-oriented methyl group at C4 exhibited stronger inhibitory effects than those that had β-oriented groups. Three new carbazole alkaloids (glybomines A, B, and C) along with monomeric alkaloids belonging to the carbazole, quinazoline, furoquinoline, quinolone, and acridone classes were isolated from stems of the plant Glycosmis arborea (family: Rutaceae) by Ito et al. (2004a). These alkaloids were tested for their inhibitory effects on TPA-induced EBV-EA activation, and arborinine (108, Figure 6.11) had the highest activity. Some flavonol glycosides were isolated from the leaf extract of Kunzea ambigua (family: Myrtaceae) by Ito et al. (2004b); among these, compound 109 (Figure 6.11) was found to exhibit potent inhibitory effects on TPA-induced EBV-EA activation in Raji cells. Similarly, in a series of sesquiterpenes isolated by Perestelo et al. (2010) from the leaves of Maytenus jelskii (family: Celastraceae), and tested against EBV-EA activation induced by TPA, compound 110 (Figure 6.11) was found to be an effective antitumor-promoting agent.
Plant Species from the Atlantic Forest Biome and Their Bioactive Constituents
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Rebeca Previate Medina, Carolina Rabal Biasetto, Lidiane Gaspareto Felippe, Lilian Cherubin Correia, Marília Valli, Afif Felix Monteiro, Alberto José Cavalheiro, Ângela Regina Araújo, Ian Castro-Gamboa, Maysa Furlan, Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani, Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae), known as “espinheira santa”, is spread in tropical and subtropical parts of the Atlantic Forest and is widely used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antiulcerogenic (Costa et al., 2008; Jorge et al., 2004). Their roots are known to accumulate quinonemethide triterpenes, which constitute chemo-taxonomical markers of this genus and present several biological activities. HPLC-DAD analyses of M. ilicifolia extracts obtained from root barks of adult plants (E2) and roots of seedlings (E4) indicated the presence of quinonemethide triterpenes and phenolic compounds as main chemical constituents. The DPPH• assay indicated that rutin, a major flavonoid from the extracts under investigation, exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the quinonemethide triterpenes maytenin (46) and pristimerin (47) (Figure 9.9), isolated from the root barks of M. ilicifolia. Such results are probably related to different structural features, since quinonemethide triterpenes present an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety with extended conjugation through ring B, whereas rutin bears a catechol moiety in ring B in addition to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety conjugated to ring B. Their antioxidant properties were also monitored by voltammetry screening, which corroborated the results obtained by the DPPH• scavenging assay. In addition, cyclic voltammograms associated to HPLC-ED analyses suggested a synergistic interaction between quinonemethide triterpenes and flavonols, as indicated by the mixture of rutin with compound 47, or rutin with M. ilicifolia extracts, which demonstrated, in both cases, enhanced antioxidant activity than the individual samples (Santos et al. 2010b).
Maytenus ilicifolia Extract Increases Oxygen Uptake without Changes in Neuromuscular Fatigue Development during a High-Intensity Interval Exercise
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Guilherme A Ferreira, Leandro C Felippe, Marcos D Silva-Cavalcante, Ana Paula A. De-Mello, Daniel B Coelho, Renato Maranhão, Rômulo Bertuzzi, Manuela Dolinsky, Fernando R De-Oliveira, Adriano E Lima-Silva, Kleber J. Da-Silva
Maytenus ilicifolia, a Brazilian plant popularly called “Espinheira Santa”, is broadly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, gastritis, ulcers and gastrointestinal disorders (15,16). The Maytenus ilicifolia extract (MIE) has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory and pain diseases due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and analgesic properties (15,16). The MIE contains large amounts of catechins, including epigallocatechin-3-gallate and quercetin (16), which suggests MIE as a potential candidate for influencing 2 during a HIIE and post-exercise peripheral fatigue. Because the effect of MIE ingestion on physiological responses during exercise has not been investigated, a study exploring this question would increase MIE applications and provide insights about the use of MIE in exercise and sport context.
In vitro inhibitory effects of Friedelin on human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Jinlan Wei, Hongying Zhang, Qingling Zhao
Friedelin is a triterpenoid isolated from the leaves of Maytenus ilicifolia (Mart.) ex. Reissek (Celastraceae) and has several biological activities such as antioxidant, in vitro-cytotoxic, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory and antiulcer (Shimizu and Tomoo 1994; Paul et al. 2013; Susanti et al. 2013; Utami et al. 2013). A previous study has reported that Friedelin could suppress ATPase activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which could improve the bioavailability of P-gp substrate when they are co-administered (Lee et al. 2017).
Cancer prevention and treatment using combination therapy with natural compounds
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Maytansinoids are derived from maytansine, a natural product from the bark of the African shrub Maytenus ovatus [164]. Maytansinoids bind to tubulin to inhibit cell division. Maytansinoid based compounds include emtansine, mertansine, ravtansine and soravtansine. Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is approved by the FDA to treat women with HER2+metastatic BCa [164], and in women with early stage HER2+BCa with residual disease following neoadjuvant treatment [167].