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Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicological Aspects of Nutraceuticals
Published in Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak, Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Jayvadan K. Patel, Anita Patel
Right now, photochemicals with cancer-preventive characteristics have maximum interest (Shirzad et al. 2009). An extensive variety of phytopharmaceuticals with the stated hormonal activity, identified as “phytoestrogens,” is suggested for the avoidance of breast and prostate cancers (Limer and Speirs 2004). Phytoestrogens have a pivotal role in cell cycle arrest, antiangiogenic potential and anti-metastatic potential and in improving of the outcome of radiotherapy. Phytoestrogens notably suppress tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis in rodent cancer models. By regulating the nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of the activated B cells (NF-κB), phytoestrogens were found to be valuable in dropping the resistance to anticancer drugs (Virk-Baker et al. 2010). The use of phytoestrogens in diet has been related with many positive effects, predominantly concerning cancers of breast, colon, endometrium, lung, prostate, rectum, and stomach (Dixon 2004). In different studies, some of active phytoestrogens have exhibited antitumor activity comprises puerarin as of Kudzu vine (Pueraria lobata) (Boue et al. 2003), formononetin of clovers, fenugreek in addition to black cohosh (Actaea racemosa syn. Cimicifuga racemosa) (Piersen 2003).
Trade in Indian Medicinal Plants
Published in T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur, Ethnobotany of India, 2017
D. K. Ved, S. Noorunnisa Begum, K. Ravi Kumar
Total retail sales of herbal and botanical Dietary Supplements (DS) in the United States increased by an estimated 7.9% in 2013 - the highest observed growth percentage since the late 1990s - according to aggregated market statistics calculated by the Nutrition Business Journal (NBJ). These sales did not include sales of herbal teas, herbs sold in natural cosmetic products, or herbs sold as government - approved ingredients in nonprescription medications (aka over - the-counter [OTC] drugs), for example, senna leaf or fruit extract, or slippery elm bark. The 40 top-selling herbal dietary supplements in the mainstream multi-outlet channel in the United States in 2013 are Marrubium vulgare (Horehound), Pausinystalia johimba (Yohimbe), Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry), Actaea racemosa (Black Cohosh), Senna alexandrina (Senna), Cinnamomum sp. (Cinnamon), Linum usitatissimum (Flax seeds and/or oil), Echinacea spp. (Echinacea), Valeriana officinalis (Valerian), Silybum marianum (Milk thistle), Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo), Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort), Tribulus terrestris (Tribulus), Gymnema sylvestre (Gymnema), Ulmus rubra (Slippery Elm Bark), Euterpe oleracea (Acal), etc. (Lindstrom et al., 2014).
Chlorophytum borivilianum (Musli) and Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Rajib Hossain, Dipta Dey, Partha Biswas, Priyanka Paul, Shahlaa Zernaz Ahmed, Arysha Alif Khan, Tanzila Ismail Ema, Muhammad Torequl Islam
Cimicifuga racemosa synonyms name Actaea racemosa is a major perineal flowering plant under the division of Tracheophyta (Family: Ranunculaceae).Popularly, it is known as black cohosh, black snakeroot, black bugbane (Li et al., 2003;Kennelly et al., 2002). Although this herbal medicine is native to the US,(mainlycentral Georgia, Arkansas, and others) and Ontario (Canada), some countries, like China, haveintroduced its medicinal properties and currently commercially cultivate this plant (Kennelly et al., 2002; Gardner et al., 2012). Native American women used this herbal medicine to address menopausal symptoms, but some research findings demonstrateits capacity to minimize joint pain, several inflammations (mainly inflammation within the lung), myalgias,and neuralgias (Rhyu et al., 2006; Knoess, 2010). Pengelly et al.2014 reported that the Native American population uses this medicinal plant in the case of snakebite, smallpox, measles, old ulcers, and scarlet fever. C. racemosa is a shiny dark green plant, which grows up to 3–8feet in height and2feet in width; the leaves have outstanding features,alternating with sharp notched and separated into 2–5 leaflets inthreegroups (Predny, 2006). C. racemosaflowers look buttery greenish-white with a sweet, fetid smell, and the flowers arise from June to September along with buds and seedpods. But most interestingly,beneficial insects, namely bees, pollinate these flowers (Lonner, 2007). Additionally, the fruit of this herbal plant is 5–10mm long, containing multiple seeds, and only one carpel. Consequently, branching rootstocks are generated with the black rhizome. The rootstocks contain leafstalk and the underside is overcast with several rootlets (Applequist, 2003) (Figure 3.2).(A) Leaves, (B) flower and (C) root of Cimicifuga racemosa(black cohosh).
Black cohosh efficacy and safety for menopausal symptoms. The Spanish Menopause Society statement
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Camil Castelo-Branco, Concepción Navarro, Estanislao Beltrán, Fernando Losa, Marta Camacho
Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) is a medicinal plant belonging to the buttercup family. The first scientific references related to this plant date back to the seventeenth century. Today, it is one of the most popular medicinal plants for treating vasomotor symptomatology (VMS) in menopausal women [1]. It was first marketed as herbal medicinal product (HMP) in 1956 in Germany and has been studied in detail ever since [2]. HMPs are considered herbal medicines, licensed medicines strictly regulated for efficacy, safety, and pharmaceutical quality. In 2011—and later in 2018—the European Medicines Agency recognized the marketing of Cimicifuga racemosa (CR) as an HMP of well-established use, given its efficacy in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Thus, in Spain, its production is rigorously controlled, and its use is recognized as an exercise in evidence-based medicine [3]. However, it is worth noting that in some countries, CR is considered a food supplement (products that are not strictly controlled, such as HMP). Thus, it could be blended with other plant species, mainly from the genus Cimicifuga and other herbal products, some of which may act on the estrogen receptor—hence the importance of standardization.
Cimicifuga racemosa isopropanolic extract for menopausal symptoms: an observational prospective case–control study
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Maurizio Guida, Antonio Raffone, Antonio Travaglino, Daniele Neola, Sabrina Reppuccia, Maria Borgo, Clorinda Vitale, Andrea Limone, Pietro D’Alessandro, Giulia Massaro, Antonio Mollo
MHT (menopausal hormone therapy), with estrogens alone or estrogen–progestogen combinations, is the most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms [6–7]. However, after concerns of the Women’s Health Initiative regarding the long-term use of MHT, a decreased use of MHT and simultaneously an increased use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapies have been reported [8–9]. CAM was defined by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health as an approach to the Western conventional medicine in order to support or replace it [10]. There are several different CAM approaches for menopausal symptoms, among which dietary supplements with black cohosh holds a prominent role [11–12]. Black Cohosh is one of the common names of Cimicifuga Racemosa (binomial name Actaea racemosa) [13]. Many active chemical substances can be extracted from Cimicifuga Racemosa’s rhizomes and roots, such as triterpene glycosides, phenolic acids and N-methylserotonin [14–16]. Cimicifuga Racemosa mechanism of action on menopausal symptoms is still unclear, but it has been proposed a selective mechanism of estrogen modulation, with also serotoninergic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects [17]. However, Cimicifuga Racemosa extracts lack of significant clinical estrogen-like effects because they did not bind to estrogen receptors [18–19]. In fact, several studies showed the absence of systemic estrogenic effects on hormones secretion, breast, vagina and endometrium [19–20].
Review & meta-analysis: isopropanolic black cohosh extract iCR for menopausal symptoms – an update on the evidence
Published in Climacteric, 2021
C. Castelo-Branco, M. Gambacciani, A. Cano, M. J. Minkin, D. Rachoń, X. Ruan, A.-M. Beer, J. Schnitker, H.-H. Henneicke-von Zepelin, S. Pickartz
One of the most popular herbal remedies is Cimicifuga racemosa (CR) syn. Actaea racemosa (black cohosh). CR has been used by Native Americans and eclectic physicians as a gynecological remedy and for rheumatism and other conditions. The earliest literature references date back to the seventeenth century6. The first allopathic herbal medicinal product (HMP) containing CR rootstock extract was introduced in Germany in 1956 and has been extensively studied since7. In Germany, where HMPs are authorized medicines under strict regulatory control requiring state-of-the-art proof of efficacy, safety, and pharmaceutical quality, gynecologists rate CR treatment as well-known and effective for climacteric symptoms8. In many other countries, CR products are marketed as food supplements (FS). FS are not as rigorously controlled as HMPs and run the risk of adulteration and contamination. Frequently, FS claiming to consist of authentic North American CR have contained completely different Asian Cimicifuga species9. While FS often have little or no scientific evidence behind them, they are regarded as complementary and alternative medicine. On the other hand, (CR) HMPs are evidence-based rational phytopharmaceuticals and should be treated as such10.