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Principles of avoidance-reduction therapy
Published in Trudy Stewart, Stammering Resources for Adults and Teenagers, 2020
Many clients find it useful to understand the basic phonetic nature of sounds when learning about voluntary stammering. Discussing which sounds are easier and more difficult can be illuminating for PWS. A clinician knows that fricatives are easier to slide on due to their manner of production. However, plosives are more difficult, and therefore an easier onset or softer release may be recommended for use on these sounds. Initial vowels can be problematic for a PWS. In this instance it is suggested that a client slide on the first emphasised consonant in a word e.g. avvvvvoidance. However, some words may not allow for this strategy, so some flexibility is suggested, with sliding on vowels remaining as an option for the client.
Clefts and craniofacial
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
There is an inability to generate enough air pressure to pronounce explosive sounds (stop plosives) such as P, T, K, B, D and G, which are substituted for by glottal stop sounds (compensatory articulatory method characterised by forceful adduction of vocal cords – the build-up and release of air pressure underneath the glottis results in a grunt-type sound).
Voice and Speech Production
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Paul Carding, Lesley Mathieson
Affricates are a combination of plosion and fricative articulation. A common example is the affricate consonant heard at the beginning and end of the word ‘church’. It begins with the plosive t and then the tongue moves to the position for the fricative sh. The plosive is followed immediately by the fricative noise but is heard as one consonant sound. There are only two affricate sounds in English (ch and dj, as in the beginning and ending sounds in ‘church’ and ‘judge’), and both are articulated with the tongue tip and alveolar.
Effect of different types of speech sounds on viral transmissibility: a scoping review
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2022
A study of moderate evidence observed that plosive sounds such /p/ generated ‘puff-like’ intense vertical structures which can quickly reach 1 m (Abkarian et al., 2020). In the same line, one study of very low evidence showed that particles were dispersed during the articulation of the plosive /p/ in /pV/ syllables, while this did not happen in fricatives (Hamada et al., 2021). In addition, a study with low evidence yielded that /t/ generated very fast airflows (Giovanni et al., 2021) agreeing with a low-evidenced study which yielded that /t/ produced significantly faster starting jets than other types of consonants (Tan et al., 2021). One other paper with moderate evidence found that the peak flow rates were higher for the 25 participants who vocalized words including /t/ (Gupta et al., 2010). Finally, a study with very low evidence found that the production of /d/ generated a lot of droplets (Kusunose et al., 2020).
Acquisition of Tok Pisin phonology in the multilingual highlands of Papua New Guinea
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2022
Jennifer Boer, Mary Claessen, Cori Williams
Universal features were seen in the strength of onset position plosives, the strength of the front continuants and the bilabial and alveolar nasals. A recent cross-linguistic survey of the results of monolingual developmental phonological research in 27 languages listed sounds mastered (90% criterion) by the end of the third year (McLeod & Crowe, 2018). These are: plosives [p, ph, b, t, th, d, k, kh, g], fricatives and affricates [f, v, ʧ], approximants [w, l, j] and nasals [m, n, ŋ]. Our multilingual children, compared to this survey, are later with aspiration, which is not a TP feature, but appeared with the 5YO and 6YO groups. The TP phonotactic rule excluding final voiced consonants appears to be a feature that varies in our population with exposure to English and creole forms. The increase in aspiration in older children with more exposure to English may be due to a possible conflict between TP’s rule excluding voiced plosives and fricatives in coda syllable positions and their presence in English loanwords.
Improvements in Speech of Children with Apraxia: The Efficacy of Treatment for Establishing Motor Program Organization (TEMPOSM)
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2021
Hilary E. Miller, Kirrie J. Ballard, Jenna Campbell, Madison Smith, Amy S. Plante, Semra A. Aytur, Donald A. Robin
Perceptual results supported our hypothesis that treatment of plosive pseudowords would result in reduced distortions of plosive sounds in both treated and untreated stimuli, but that these improvements would not generalize to a set of untreated fricative pseudowords. This untreated fricative stimulus set was employed to provide additional experimental control, as previous treatment studies of adults with acquired apraxia of speech have shown generalization within phonemes of same manner of production, but not to phonemes of other manners of production.68–71 Within the framework of Schema Theory, phonemes of the same manner have been hypothesized to share a single Generalized Motor Program (GMP), which governs the general muscle tension and force pattern for that speech movement; movement parameters are then varied to define the specific muscle groups involved (i.e. the location of articulation).68,72 In addition to establishing experimental control, the stable performance on the untreated fricative set reported here supports the use of Schema Theory to conceptualize speech motor programming with implications for the selection of treatment stimuli in clinical practice.