China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Endocrine Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
The side effects associated with buserelin are similar to those for the other GnRH agonists described in this section. In addition, use of the nasal spray can lead to nasal irritation, nose bleeds, and an altered sense of taste and smell. Buserelin should be used with caution in individuals with diabetes, hypertension, and depression.
The respiratory system
Published in Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre, Handbook of Clinical Skills, 2019
Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre
Physical aspects Finally, it is important to ask about any deformity of the nose. Nasal symptoms can be caused by deviation of the nasal septum as a result of previous trauma. The nasal septum can also be affected by Wegener’s granulomatosis, syphilis and leprosy.
Common problems in pregnancy
Published in Anne Lee, Sally Inch, David Finnigan, Therapeutics in Pregnancy and Lactation, 2019
Many preparations for colds contain a sympathomimetic decongestant such as pseudoephedrine or phenylpropanolamine, or an antihistamine such as brompheniramine, possibly in combination with an analgesic and/or expectorant. There is no evidence that any of these preparations is harmful in pregnancy.9,10,13 However, as their efficacy is questionable, they are best avoided in pregnancy. Women should be advised to avoid combination products and to take paracetamol for symptom relief. For nasal congestion, menthol inhalations may be helpful.
Safety review of current systemic treatments for severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and future directions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition that is defined as inflammation of the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. The European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS) 2020 defines CRS in adults as the presence of at least two or more symptoms, one of which should be nasal blockage/obstruction/congestion or discharge, with or without facial pressure/pain and reduction/loss of sense of smell for longer than 12 weeks [1]. There should be evidence of polyps or mucopurulent discharge or mucosal obstruction on nasal endoscopy, or mucosal changes within the ostiomeatal complex or sinuses on computed tomography [1]. CRS can occur with (CRSwNP) or without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). Nasal polyps are grape-like swellings of the nasal lining of the nasal passage and sinuses. Despite some heterogeneity in the underlying etiology and pathophysiology underpinning CRS, the vast majority of nasal polyps are inflammatory, with 85% of polyps demonstrating a type 2 pattern of inflammation characterized by eosinophilia and elevated type 2 inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5 [2].
Exosomes Represent an Immune Suppressive T Cell Checkpoint in Human Chronic Inflammatory Microenvironments
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2020
Gautam N Shenoy, Maulasri Bhatta, Jenni L Loyall, Raymond J Kelleher Jr, Joel M Bernstein, Richard B Bankert
Nasal polyps are benign growths resulting from a rapid proliferation of the upper airway epithelium and other associated cells in the lateral wall of the nose (Newton and Ah-See 2008; Ryan and Davis 2010). All of the cellular and molecular factors that are responsible for the development, progression and failure to resolve the polyps in humans have not yet been determined. The polyps arise from a persistent inflammation associated with microbial infections, asthma, rhinitis, and cystic fibrosis (Bernstein et al. 2006). The histopathology of nasal polyps includes the hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium, infiltration of multiple different inflammatory cell types, mucin producing goblet cells and submucosal glands (Bernstein et al. 2009). Multiple inflammatory cells and many of the factors they produce have been identified and associated with the pathology observed in this condition (Bernstein et al. 2004; Ickrath et al. 2017; Sanchez-Segura et al. 1998). However, the mechanisms and complex interactions of the cells and subcellular components that contribute to nasal polyposis, and its failure to be resolved normally or by therapeutic intervention are largely unknown. To address these issues, we have chosen to investigate the interaction of immune cells with acellular factors present in the polyp microenvironment and to assess the consequences of this interaction with respect to cell function.
Frontoethmoidal mucocele presenting with ocular manifestations
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2020
Two components within the lesion were noted on T2‐weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging of the head with fat saturation: a hyperintense component anteriorly, nasally, and posteriorly (Figure 4, blue arrows) and a hypointense complement centrally representing trapped fluid, inspissated secretions/haemorrhage or mucosa (Figure 4, red arrow). On coronal T1‐weighted images, the lesion showed a prominent superior hyperintensity (Figure 5, blue arrow) and less prominent inferior hyperintensity (Figure 5, red arrow), consistent with the previously mentioned trapped fluid, inspissated secretions/haemorrhage or mucosa. The surrounding bone appeared intact, without blow‐out fracture or intracranial extension, taking into consideration the enhancement was difficult to appreciate due to underlying T1 hyperintensity within the lesion. The left lobe was normal. There was a deviated nasal septum. The retro‐orbital contents – which includes retro‐orbital fat – extraocular muscles and optic nerve were normal.