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Cardiovascular system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
All three image planes from the SPECT-CT should be displayed and inspected for reporting: Short axis (SA).Horizontal long axis (HLA).Vertical long axis (VLA).
Host Defense I: Non-specific Immunity
Published in Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla, Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla
Some of the well-characterized integrin subfamilies are the VLA proteins or β1 integrins, the Leu-CAMs or β2 integrins, and the cytoadhesins (β3 integrins). The VLA proteins are a group of heterodimers composed of a chains which are all different forms of CD49, and a common β chain, CD29. They are mainly receptors for components of the extracellular matrix: collagen, fibronectin, and laminin. VLA-4 also interacts with VCAM-1 (CD106). IL-1β, IL-4 and TNF induce the expression of VCAM-1 on vascular endothelium. VLA-4 is also important in lymphocyte homing to the high endothelial venules (HEV) of Peyer’s patches (see Chapter 2). Some of the VLA molecules are also nonspecific receptors for the cell wall or capsule components of certain bacteria (e.g., Yersinia pseudotuberculosis).
Cellular Trafficking
Published in Martin Berry, Ann Logan, CNS Injuries: Cellular Responses and Pharmacological Strategies, 2019
In non-CNS experimental models of inflammation, suppressing the expression of leucocyte adhesion molecules impairs leucocyte-endothelial cell interaction and reduces leucocyte numbers in inflammatory infiltrates. However, blocking CD11a/CD18 expression in EAE has not been successful in abrogating demyelination. Of the β integrins it is only VLA-4 which promotes lymphocyte interaction with the BBB in EAE and, based on the clinical effectiveness of anti-VLA-4 antibodies in this model, phase I studies are currently assessing the potential use of anti-VLA-4 therapy for MS patients. Hopefully, a successful outcome will not only provide clinical benefit but will also generate additional information concerning the contribution of VLA-4 in mediating lymphocyte attachment to endothelial cells of the BBB and of the general vasculature. A possible drawback of this form of immunotherapy is that VLA-4 is present on other leucocytes (e.g., monocytes and dendritic cells) and hence the infusion of specific antibodies could have physiological repercussions.
Importance and difficulty with valued life activities for people with systemic sclerosis
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Janet L. Poole, Kristin Forno, Ashley Prokopiak, Betty Skipper
The Valued Life Activity Scale [16] was used to measure the importance and difficulty with obligatory (self-care, mobility), committed (work, family/childcare, home management), and discretionary (leisure) activities. The importance of each item was rated on a three-point scale from 1 (not important) to 3 (very important). Difficulty performing each item was rated on a four-point scale from 0 (no difficulty) to 3 (unable to perform). A total VLA score is calculated as the mean difficulty of all activities rated; while subcategory scores are calculated as the mean difficulty of all activities rated in the subcategory (obligatory, committed, and discretionary). The VLA has been used with people with other rheumatic diseases and chronic conditions and correlated with measures of disability, perceptions of health status, and physical functioning [16–19].
Increased Levels of VCAM-1 in Sera and VLA-4 Expression on Neutrophils in Dermatomyositis with Interstitial Lung Disease
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Meiyi Lin, Chunshu Yang, Xudong Liu, Shan Zhao, Bailing Tian, Xiaoyu Hou, Jingyi Xu, Pingting Yang
VCAM-1 (CD106) is a 90-kDa glycoprotein predominantly expressing on endothelial cells. Its main ligand is VLA-4 (α4β1 integrin) which plays a major role in mediating rolling and firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium, as well as leukocyte transmigration (Mitroulis et al. 2015). The soluble ectodomain of VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) is released from the cell surface into the circulation by proteolysis, a process that is upregulated in inflammatory diseases (Singh et al. 2005). The expression of VCAM-1 is closely related to tumor angiogenesis and metastasis in gastric carcinoma and breast cancer (Byrne et al. 2000; Ding et al. 2003). In addition, VCAM-1 and VLA-4 are major factors in promoting the survival of endothelial and mural cell during angiogenesis (Garmy-Susini et al. 2005). VLA-4 is expressed mainly on lymphocyte, monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils (Van Staveren et al. 2018). VCAM-1/VLA-4 pathway has been proved to be associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases by recruiting leukocytes to tissues (Mitroulis et al. 2015; Yusuf-Makagiansar et al. 2002). For example, VCAM-1/VLA-4 pathway seems to be critical for the infiltration in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)(Klimiuk et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015). In addition, it has been demonstrated that VLA-4/VCAM-1 pathway is important in mediating leukocyte adherence to the inflamed endothelium in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model (Rice et al. 2005; Wan et al. 2018).
Multifunctional fluorescent titania nanoparticles: green preparation and applications as antibacterial and cancer theranostic agents
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Mina Masoudi, Mansour Mashreghi, Elaheh Goharshadi, Azadeh Meshkini
Recently numerous types of theranostic nanoparticles have been developed [28]. In this study, the novel biogenic fluorescent titania nanoparticles were fabricated in a one-step green approach using isolated luminescent Vibrio sp. VLA and its potential applications as antibacterial and cancer theranostic agents were studied.