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Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Briefly, micronutrients play important roles in our body such as enzyme activation, hormone production, cell homeostasis, and organ maintenance (immune system, brain, nerve, heart, bone, muscle, fetus, etc.). However, micronutrients yield no energy. Adequate micronutrient intake throughout one’s life course is essential for the maintenance of health. Micronutrients are generally not produced by the human body, necessitating an adequate daily intake at levels that have been recommended by various governing bodies. The Institute of Medicine of the USA provides a set of reference values called dietary reference intakes (DRI) that are used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people, based on age and gender. These values include the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), which is the average daily level of intake that is deemed sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%-98%) healthy individuals (2). The adequate or average intake (AI) is a recommended intake value, based on experimentally derived intake levels or approximations of observed mean nutrient intake by a group of healthy people that are assumed to be adequate (2). The tolerable upper intake level (UL) is the highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the risk of adverse effects increases (2–3). It should be noted that these values cited previously are recommended to avoid deficiency and toxicity.
Toward Clinical Pharmacologic Otoprotection
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
Colleen G. Le Prell, Kelly Roth, Kathleen C. M. Campbell
Audiologists provide comprehensive hearing and balance assessments, including tests used to monitor the development of NIHL and DIHL (for review see Campbell and Le Prell, 2018. If (or, perhaps, when) any new prescription medication options become available, audiologists will need to refer any worker, patient, or other interested person interested in such new medications to a physician for advice and possible prescription, given the current scope of practice for audiologists. Perceived boundaries may be less clear for OTC (nonprescription) dietary supplements or other agents that clients may seek advice on. Although supplements are available OTC, audiologists are encouraged to refer clients to physicians for professional medical advice regarding the use of any such supplement. There are some known cases in which high levels of specific supplements would be contraindicated and any advice on medical outcomes is appropriately under the purview of a supervising physician with the necessary medical training. With respect to dietary nutrients, for general health benefits, healthy adults should consume the daily recommended intake of different vitamins and minerals, but should not exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) as set by the Institute of Medicine (2004a, 2004b, 2004c, 2004d). We stress that while supplements are available OTC and healthy dietary intake should be advocated, supplements are not necessarily equivalent to diet-based nutrients with respect to bioavailability or health benefit.
Lutein in Neural Health and Disease
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Carotenoid intake from foods, even when ingested in large amounts (e.g., >30 mg carotenoid) are not known to be toxic.34,35 The Institute of Medicine evaluated the safety of lutein and zeaxanthin and concluded that no adverse effects, other than carotenodermia, have been reported from the consumption of carotenoids in foods, including lutein and zeaxanthin. No tolerable upper intake levels for lutein or zeaxanthin have been established.36 Lutein was recently cited as a case study for the re-examination of establishing dietary upper intake levels for bioactive nutrients.37 Although not determined to meet the classical definition of an essential nutrient in 2000,36 there is accumulating evidence that a Dietary Reference Intake should be established for lutein because of its role in eye health.38–40
Toxicological evaluation of ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, and their metabolites by a category approach
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Gulcin Tugcu, Mohammad Charehsaz, Ahmet Aydın
There are insufficient toxicity data on vitamin D2, vitamin D3, and their metabolites. However, available data on compounds within the constructed category could be used to predict these endpoints. Based on the current existing data, vitamin D and the metabolites do not present a concern for genotoxicity. Additionally, there is no indication for skin sensitization. Carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, developmental, and reproductive toxicity data on the studied compounds are insufficient to assert them as toxic. While the recommended dietary allowance for human is 15 µg/day, the tolerable upper intake level is reported to be 100 µg/day (Ross et al.2010). Hence, the compounds under study do not pose a health risk from the perspective of risk assessment. The untested vitamin D analogs within this category (calciferol, ercalcidiol, ercalcitriol, calciol, calcidiol, and calcitriol) can be read across to complete the data gaps for the toxicological endpoints. The experiments performed in the cited literature works are not intended for children and infants. Therefore, our conclusions are applicable to adults, and we cannot comment on the toxicity of this compounds on children and infants.
Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplement Use is Associated with Increased Micronutrient Intakes and Biomarkers and Decreased Prevalence of Inadequacies and Deficiencies in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States
Published in Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2019
Taylor C. Wallace, Cara L. Frankenfeld, Balz Frei, Alpa V. Shah, Ching-Ray Yu, B. Jan-Willem van Klinken, Maryann Adeleke
Older adults commonly report taking a variety of dietary supplements.15 Adults ≥71 years of age who take dietary supplements, including individual supplements and/or MVM, have been shown to exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for folic acid (7%), vitamin A (5%), and vitamin B6 (6%).13 Exceeding the UL for iron intake has also been demonstrated in men (19%) and women (8%) in this population when considering total dietary supplement use (i.e. MVM and individual supplements), but the risk of exceeding the UL appears to be lower when assessing MVM use alone.16 MVM use has also been shown to increase with age in adults, with the primary motivation being to “improve overall health.”2,17 When combined with food intake, including fortified foods, MVM use has been shown to lead to obtaining too much of some micronutrients, including calcium, folate, iron, and zinc, but the observed prevalence is modest (approximately ≤4% in females and ≤6% in males for each micronutrient), with about half or more of individuals being within 10% of the UL.14 Routine discussion of dietary supplement use with a healthcare professional (e.g. physician, registered dietitian) should be encouraged, given these data, as well as the high rate of concurrent use of prescription medications in older adults.18–20 Due to the increased susceptibility to the consequences associated with inadequate or excessive intake in this population, monitoring both usual micronutrient intakes and their related biomarkers in middle-aged to older adults is critical.
Subacute oral toxicity investigation of selenium nanoparticles and selenite in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Niels Hadrup, Katrin Loeschner, Karen Mandrup, Gitte Ravn-Haren, Henrik L. Frandsen, Erik H. Larsen, Henrik R. Lam, Alicja Mortensen
Selenite was included to compare the nanoparticle formulation with that of selenite, a commonly used Se species in food supplements. Selenite decreased body weight gain only in animals that received the mid-dose of this Se preparation. At this dose, the relative liver weight was also increased as observed also for SeNP. An increase in urinary pH at the mid-dose was a finding not seen for rats dosed with SeNP. Altogether these data suggest a NOAEL of 0.05 mg Se/kg bw for selenite. We note that this dose is 1.5-fold the human tolerable upper intake level of Se when converted by difference in body surface area; and 10-fold the recommended human high level when considered per body weight. And thus, based on our data, the tolerable upper intake levels could be considered to be too high, as assessment factors of at least 100 would be needed to calculate an acceptable daily intake based on a NOAEL in mg/kg bw.