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Nutrigenomics for Sport and Exercise Performance
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Nanci S. Guest, Marc Sicova, Ahmed El-Sohemy
Nutrition can greatly affect sport and exercise performance. However, each individual can respond differently to the same dietary factors. This holds true across a variety of ages, ethnicities, training experience, and whether the goal is optimizing physical activity for health and fitness or for high-performance sport. The importance of a personalized sports nutrition plan was highlighted in the most recent “Nutrition and Athletic Performance” Joint Position Statement by the American College of Sports Medicine, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and the Dietitians of Canada, which states that “Nutrition plans need to be personalized to the individual athlete… and take into account specificity and uniqueness of responses to various strategies” (144). These strategies encompass overall dietary patterns, appropriate macronutrient ratios, micronutrient requirements, eating behaviours (e.g., nutrient timing), and the prudent use of supplements and ergogenic aids.
Carbohydrate supplementation
Published in Jay R Hoffman, Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise, 2019
Parker N Hyde, Richard A LaFountain, Carl M Maresh
Nutrient timing is an important variable in maximizing anabolic signalling associated with resistance training. While much of the research literature focuses on amino acid supplementation, carbohydrates provide a synergistic effect to optimize protein synthesis signalling post exercise (22). Determining timing of carbohydrate supplementation is multi-factorial. It is important to consider total daily kilocalorie and carbohydrate intake as well as training variables such as duration, intensity and frequency. If glycogen stores are replenished and maintained based upon recommendations as described in Table 3.1, the focus of carbohydrate supplementation is narrowed to post workout for optimized signalling and accentuating the training response. If training parameters or total energy needs are adapted, it is important to ensure that glycogen stores are maintained to fuel RT properly. This starts by consuming adequate carbohydrate post workout in preparation for the next exercise session. Research suggests that RT results in localized decrease in muscle glycogen by approximately 15–40% (30). Larger declines in glycogenappear to be affected by multi-joint compound movements, high percentage of one-repetition maximum (more type two fibres recruited) and longer work:rest ratio. Significantly reduced muscle glycogen levels can hinder exercise performance resulting in declines in force production and potential for a decrease in training stimulus. Although current literature is sparse, available data supports consumption of a carbohydrate supplement beverage prior to and during exercise to attenuate glycogen depletion (28). Minimal glycogen resynthesis appears to take place after exercise if no carbohydrates are consumed (18). Therefore, following training, carbohydrate supplementation is advised, especially if there is limited opportunity for rest, recovery and meal consumption prior to the next exercise bout. There are some mixed results related to RT and carbohydrate supplementation. In research studies that have indicated advantages, such as increased repetitions and sets per training session associated with carbohydrate consumption, exercise lasted greater than 55 minutes (27, 29, 49). In contrast RT sessions that lasted less than 40 minutes were unaffected by carbohydrate supplementation (16, 28). Acute strategies for carbohydrate supplementation timing are dependent on many variables and individual considerations. Listed in Table 3.2 are suggested methods from governing bodies in sports nutrition and exercise.
Food insecurity is associated with disordered eating behaviors in NCAA division 1 male collegiate athletes
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2020
Kacie L. Poll, David H. Holben, Melinda Valliant, Hyun-Woo (David) Joung
Measures that can be implemented for students who may be experiencing high school or collegiate food insecurity include: (1) training coaches on food insecurity risks and behaviors; and (2) screening for food insecurity. Partnering with child nutrition services in schools/dining services in colleges and/or utilizing university dietetic students or dietitians living in the region warrant consideration, if the high school or college does not have a sports dietitian. Nutrition education for parents and students should include shopping on a budget, to complement the information typically provided (eg, the nutrient timing for optimal performance, choosing options in the lunchroom). Further, offering psychological and/or eating disorder recommendations to students facing food insecurity or experiencing disordered eating behaviors is warranted.
Development of an Electronic Questionnaire to Assess Sports Nutrition Knowledge in Athletes
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Ryan Tam, Kathryn L. Beck, Janelle A. Gifford, Victoria M. Flood, Helen T. O’Connor
Another prominent subtheme was athlete understanding of macronutrient (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) functions, food sources of macronutrients, and application for optimizing recovery and enhancing performance. Identification of key contributing nutrients within foods and nutrient timing was also discussed. Key micronutrients to be assessed including iron, calcium, and fiber. Vitamin D and iodine were suggested by some groups.