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Visceral Afferent Innervation and Inflammation
Published in William J. Snape, Stephen M. Collins, Effects of Immune Cells and Inflammation on Smooth Muscle and Enteric Nerves, 2020
Helen E. Raybould, Emeran Mayer
Probably the first evidence that afferent fibers play a role in the development of inflammation came from experiments in the skin. Stimulation of the cut end of dorsal roots innervating the skin produced a vasodilatation named antidromic vasodilatation,2 due to the antidromic nature (in the opposite direction to the normal propagation of impulses) of the stimulus applied to the sensory nerve fibers. The inflammatory response to chemical irritation of the skin by application of mustard oil was shown to require the presence of sensory nerve endings since it was prevented by sensory denervation; this was termed neurogenic inflammation by Bruce in 1910.3 These effects are not blocked by local application of tetrodotoxin or local anesthetics to block nerve conduction, suggesting that the release of mediator substances occurs independently of the generation of action potentials. However, there is also a mechanism within the skin resulting in vasodilation occurring well away from the area of stimulation; this “flare” is abolished by local anesthetics and has been called an “axon reflex”.1,3 Thus sensory nerves are thought to bifurcate and nerve impulses pass from one branch to others resulting in release of mediators from the terminal. In the skin, there is morphological evidence that sensory nerves branch extensively and terminate in the region of blood vessels.3
Stroke and the Indo-Asians
Published in Partha Ghosh, Shahid Anis Khan, Transcultural Geriatrics, 2018
Partha Ghosh, Shahid Anis Khan
Many Indo-Asian elders believe in the benefits of massaging with vegetable oils like mustard oil or sesame seed oil. They might abandon their hospital therapy programme and return to their country of origin for herbal and massage treatment. This practice is common and will break the treatment regimen given by the physiotherapist. Again careful negotiation will be needed to achieve the treatment goals set with the patient and their carers.
Restricted and Banned Herbals
Published in Amritpal Singh Saroya, Reverse Pharmacology, 2018
Therapeutics: Externally, it is used with mustard oil for massage in neuralgia, paralysisand muscular rheumatism. Root is smoked during toothache and body pain. Leaves are employed to improve the flavour of the country liquor. It is also used in leprosy, cholera and in diarrhoea.
Regional brain morphology of the primary somatosensory cortex correlates with spicy food consumption and capsaicin sensitivity
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Pengfei Han, Tao Su, Hong Chen, Thomas Hummel
The intranasal trigeminal sensitivity was assessed using the odor lateralization test [27]. The test device consists of two identical and squeezable bottles (250 ml in total volume), each has a spout that was placed into the participants’ each nostril. One bottle was filled with 30 ml of the test odors: 17.85% w/v L-menthol solution (TRPM8 receptor agonist; CAS 2216-51-5: Sigma Aldrich, Germany; dissolved in propylene glycol: CAS 57-55-6, Sigma Aldrich, Germany) [28], 2-Phenylethanol (PEA, non-trigeminal odor; CAS 60-12-8: Shanghai yuanye, China; undiluted) or 0.075% v/v allyl isothiocyanate solution (mustard oil; TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptor agonist; CAS 57-06-7: Alfa Aesar, China; dissolved in propylene glycol) [28], and the other bottle was filled with odorless propylene glycol. Mustard oil is perceived as similar to capsaicin and supposed to activate TRPV1 receptors [29]. During the test, the experimenter squeezed two bottles with a hand-held squeezing device, and 15 ml of air was presented simultaneously to each nostril. Participants were blindfolded and were instructed to briefly hold their breath when receiving the stimuli. Each odor was tested 20 times. The interstimulus interval was 30 s. Stimuli were presented to the left and right nostrils in a pseudo-random fashion. After each stimulation, participants were asked to determine which side of the nostril received odor stimulation in the mandatory selection task. The sum of correct identifications was used for further statistical analyses. The sequence of the three odor lateralization tests was randomized and balanced among participants.
A review on neuropharmacological role of erucic acid: an omega-9 fatty acid from edible oils
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
J. B. Senthil Kumar, Bhawna Sharma
The actual toxicity reports of EA toxicity dates back in 1970, when rapeseed oil right about acid containing 49% of EA fed rats causes rapid and severe fat infiltration of the myocardium as indicated by the change in heart tissue sections colour in to pale and cream [88]. The same observations were obtained when trierucin was fed in to rats. These studies had led to the pavement of the EA toxicity on heart muscle by various other investigators [88]. Consequently, it has drawn the attention of scientific community and regulatory agencies worldwide. In order to protect the public health, various countries clearly defines the permissible EA contents in food and animal product. Consumption of oils rich in EA has been connected with the onset of myocardial lipidosis and heart lesions in test animals. Therefore, EA content in edible oils was restricted to certain levels globally by various regulatory agencies [101]. For example, EA is considered as natural toxicant by the joint Food Standards Code of Australia and New Zealand and 20 g/kg (2%) was set as the maximum levels in edible oils [102]. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a risk assessment of EA in 2016, establishing a tolerable daily intake for humans of 7 mg kg−1 body weight per day [103]. However, in countries like India still high EA content mustard oil is used due to its suitability for Indian cooking style. In fact epidemiologic studies among Indians do suggest that mustard oil consumption can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease [82].
Isothiocyanates: cholinesterase inhibiting, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2018
Franko Burčul, Ivana Generalić Mekinić, Mila Radan, Patrick Rollin, Ivica Blažević
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in western societies, mostly affecting elderly population. The most prominent symptom includes decrease in cognitive function, which in turn leads to changes in the behavioural patterns of an individual. Both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase still represent the only pharmacotherapy able to affect the increase of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter in the brain1–3. Essential oils, containing small lipophilic molecules, such as terpenes, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and others, were increasingly studied lately since they can readily cross the blood-brain barrier4. Interestingly, there are no reports whatsoever on the so called “mustard oils”, the major constituents of which are isothiocyanates (ITCs), known for their diversified and generally marked bioactivity5. Mustard oils stand as bio-markers of Brassica vegetables which encompass many species used in daily diets (cabbage, horseradish, cauliflower, turnip, radish, cress, etc.).