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Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
Published in Sanjeewa Padumadasa, Malik Goonewardene, Obstetric Emergencies, 2021
Janaka de Silva, Sanjeewa Padumadasa
Neonates born to women who had AFLP should be screened for LCHAD deficiency and other genetic defects in fatty acid oxidation by a clinical geneticist, as they are at risk of failure to thrive and also liver failure, cardiomyopathy, myopathy, neuropathy and hypoglycaemia. This allows early identification before they manifest the disease and gives way to dietary intervention which includes an institution of a low fat, high carbohydrate diet and the substitution of long-chain fatty acids with medium-chain fatty acids.
Improvement of Cognitive Function in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease using Ketogenic Diets
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Long-chain fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acids, and linoleic acid, which have more than 14 carbon atoms, are the main constituents of triglycerides. Long-chain fatty acids pass through the gut wall after hydrolysis by lipase. Next, long-chain fatty acids are reconstituted to triglycerides and form lipoproteins with cholesterol, phospholipids, and proteins, which enter the blood stream via the lymphatic system. Thus, lipoproteins bypass the liver and circulate in the blood stream. Medium-chain fatty acids with 6–12 carbon atoms are also present in some foods, such as milk, coconut oil, and palm kernel oil. Triglycerides consisting of medium-chain fatty acids are preferable over long-chain fatty acid triglycerides for hydrolysis by lipases in the saliva and gastrointestinal tract. The released medium-chain fatty acids are absorbed through the gastrointestinal wall and delivered directly to the liver via the portal vein, especially octanoic and decanoic acids, such as caprylic and capric acids, respectively. Medium-chain fatty acids can be directly transferred to mitochondria without using the carnitine shuttle and are readily oxidized. Thus, medium-chain fatty acids, caprylic acid and capric acid, are good substrates for the generation of ketone bodies in the liver (Augustin et al. 2018).
Fats, Fatty Acids, and Lipids
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are a class of lipids made of saturated fatty acids from 6 to 12 carbons in length (see Table 1).403,404,442,443 MCTs are found in coconut, palm kernel, babassu, cohune, and tucum oils, and in human milk. MCTs have been purified from these sources and are commercially available as mixed MCTs (6 to 12 carbons long) or pure tricaprylic (C8) triglycerides.170 Increasing use of MCTs as an energy source for enteral and parenteral feeding is based on years of clinical use when safe, additional calories are needed.3–7,170,443 MCTs possess different physiological and chemical properties than other lipids and fatty acids. MCT oils are less viscous than their long-chain triglyceride counterparts and are about the only saturated fats that are liquid at room temperature. Medium-chain fatty acids are slightly soluble in water and aqueous solutions, compared to almost total insolubility for long-chain fatty acids. Since MCTs are completely saturated, they do not have the instability to oxidation and storage well-known for unsaturated fats. No eicosanoids are produced directly from medium-chain fatty acids or their possible elongation and desaturation products. Thus, the major influence of MCTs is as a source of calories.
Logistic role of carnitine shuttle system on radiation-induced L-carnitine and acylcarnitines alteration
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
L-carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-trimethylammonium butyrate) as a carrier of the carnitine shuttle system which is comprised of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and 2 (CPT2), the carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT), and the carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) to transport long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into mitochondria (Ramsay et al. 2001; Virmani et al. 2015; Houten et al. 2016). The carnitine shuttle system controls the flux of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). Long-chain (C14–C20) fatty acid acyl groups are transported exclusively as carnitine esters by the carnitine shuttle system. In contrast, the short- (C2–C5) and medium-chain fatty acids are transported into the mitochondrial matrix without any carnitine assistance in the process. In addition, most of the acylcarnitines, which are esters of L-carnitine and acyl groups, are derived from the intermediates of FAO. The alteration of the carnitine pool comprised free L-carnitine and various acylcarnitines in blood and urine might represent the changing flux of FAO.
Production, purification and biochemical characterisation of a novel lipase from a newly identified lipolytic bacterium Staphylococcus caprae NCU S6
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Junxin Zhao, Maomao Ma, Zheling Zeng, Ping Yu, Deming Gong, Shuguang Deng
Among the tested natural oils, the canola oil was hydrolysed to a higher degree by SCNL at a high specific activity (220.00 U/mg). The canola oil contains less than 2% erucic acid and less than 30 mM glucosinolates, and has a relatively low level of saturated fat (≤7%) and a high content of polyunsaturated fats, such as linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid (formally called 9,12,15-all-cis-octadecatrienoic acid). α-linolenic acid is an unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid available in many plant oils. The activity of SCNL was strong for natural oils with medium-chain to long-chain fatty acids [C6:0–C16:0]. Among them, both olive oil (184.80 U/mg) and rice bran oil (176.69 U/mg) contain long unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid and linoleic acid. These results were in accordance with a previous report14, indicating its preference to medium-chain fatty acids and long unsaturated fatty acids.
Advances in diagnosis and potential therapeutic options for familial chylomicronemia syndrome
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2018
Lane B. Benes, Eric J. Brandt, Michael H. Davidson
The main treatment strategy has focused on reducing chylomicron production. Diet recommendations consist of extreme restriction of fat intake to less than 20 g/day, minimal intake of simple carbohydrates, and no alcohol consumption. This diet can be effective, however adherence is difficult. Referral to a nutritionist is recommended for thorough education on appropriate diet. Because many FCS patients are young adolescents, referring to a nutritionist also demonstrates the importance of dietary changes by setting time aside to specifically review a low-chylomicron-generating diet. Medium-chain fatty acids are preferred because there is less incorporation into chylomicrons than long-chain fatty acids and metabolism of medium-chain fatty acids is more efficient [25]. A case of a patient diagnosed with FCS not due to LPL deficiency showed dramatic decreases in serum TG when given either medium-chain fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids [25]. It is important to screen for and treat other secondary contributors including obesity and insulin resistance, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, and medication–induction TG elevations.