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Preservatives and Preservation
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Isothiazolinones. This class of preservatives is thought to function by interaction with thiol and amine groups (59). Methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCIT) was introduced in the late 1970s and became the dominant preservative for rinse-off products—shampoos, conditioners, body washes, and liquid detergent hand “soaps” (24). Concerns for sensitization have prevented its application in leave-on cosmetic products (40). Typically used at concentrations up to 7.5 ppm in acidic and neutral pH products, MCIT is unstable at alkaline pH especially in the presence of amines (59,60). MCIT is most efficacious against bacteria and, though rinse-off surfactant-based products are generally less susceptible to fungal contamination, is often combined with additional preservatives such as benzoic acid to expand efficacy against yeasts and mold (24,45). As a cosmetic raw material, MCIT is stabilized in a magnesium salt solution. Premix dilution in deionized water should be avoided due to stability concerns (59). The molecule is unstable in the presence of pyrithione zinc and reducing and oxidizing agents (45,59). Residual reducing agents in some surfactants have proven problematic and some surfactants themselves can also compromise stability (59,61). Formulation temperatures should be less than 50˚C due to MCIT heat sensitivity (45,59). Some protein hydrolysates can mitigate efficacy (45), and combination of MCIT with DHA should be avoided as the magnesium salt of MCIT ingredient accelerates DHA degradation (62).
Preservation strategies
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
If the reader were to examine product labels in detail, he would find that cosmetics typically use preservatives in combinations (Table 7.3) to effect broad antimicrobial action against a range of potential contaminating bacteria and fungi as well as to establish some degree of synergy in activity.54–56 Combinations include preservatives of broad efficacy such as the isothiazolinones, hydantoin derivatives, and imidazolidinyl ureas combined with one or more compounds of more selective efficacy. This latter group includes organic acids and salts (e.g., sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and sodium dehydroacetate), organic alcohols (e.g., benzyl and phenoxyethyl), and esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid and iodopropenyl butyl carbamate. More extensive combinations of this second group may also establish necessary efficacy.
Impact of mono-culture vs. Co-culture of keratinocytes and monocytes on cytokine responses induced by important skin sensitizers
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Venkatanaidu Karri, Carola Lidén, Nanna Fyhrquist, Johan Högberg, Hanna L. Karlsson
Induction of contact allergy (sensitization) results in lifelong susceptibility to developing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) by subsequent skin exposure to the allergens. Epidemiological studies show that at least 20% of the general population in Europe, North America and Asia suffer from contact allergies (Alinaghi et al. 2019). ACD can have a serious impact on the quality of life and represents a common occupational health problem, owing particularly to hand eczema (Meding et al. 2005). ACD results from an overreaction of the adaptive immune system and involves two phases; the induction phase and a subsequent elicitation phase (Martin 2015). Patch testing with a baseline series, including metals, fragrances, preservatives, and additional substances, is used to diagnose contact allergy; but numerous other chemicals have also been shown to cause contact allergy (Johansen et al. 2015). Indeed, many metal ions are well known to cause ACD with cobalt (Co) being the most frequently sensitizing metal after nickel (Thyssen and Menné 2010; Alinaghi et al. 2019). Among preservatives causing ACD, isothiazolinones – including methylisothiazolinone (MI), are frequently and abundantly found in cosmetics and non-cosmetic products (Lidén et al. 2016; Schwensen et al. 2017). Several aromatic amine precursors found in hair dyes, such as p-phenylenediamine (PPD), are known to cause ACD (Lidén et al. 2016; Alinaghi et al. 2019; Ferguson et al. 2019).
Exposures associated with making or playing with viscoelastic polymer toys known as Slime: a retrospective case series from French Poison Control Centres
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
M. Labadie, J. Langrand, G. Leroux, J. Manel, P. Nisse, J. M. Sapori, C. Tournoud, S. Sinno-Tellier, C. Greillet, C. Solal
Nevertheless, the liquid glues, which is very often used for making the Slime contain formaldehyde-releasing antimicrobial preservatives (such as quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin (1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin), imidazolidinyl urea, etc.) or isothiazolinones. Similarly, isothiazolinones are often present in laundry detergents used in the preparation of Slime, are responsible for an important increase in cutaneous allergies in the last 10 years, especially children [6].This phenomenon being recent, and this type of exposure still unknown to most doctors, this study shows that it is sometimes difficult to quickly identity Slime as the cause of dermatitis in young patients, as well as the responsible haptens [7]. The publication by Ducharme et al. [8] showed that the child was suffering of chronic dermatitis for a year before the “pâte a prout” and the likely responsible isothiazolinones were identified as the cause.
Methyl(chloro)isothiazolinone contact allergy: a monocentric experience from Turkey
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2023
Didem Kazan, Evren Odyakmaz-Demirsoy, Rebiay Kiran, Aysun Şikar-Aktürk, Nilgün Sayman, Dilek Bayramgürler
The most common cause of non-occupational contact dermatitis was shampoo in 29 (58%) patients and liquid soap in 29 (58%) patients. Only 5 (10%) patients had one isothiazolinone-sensitising product use. All other patients had the use of multiple sensitisers. (Table 1)