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Tasting History
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Building on Ikeda’s discovery, many of his students continued to research the characteristics of umami. The first researcher to identify inosinic acid, another umami inducing compound, was Ikeda’s student Shintaro Koadamada, in 1913. Building on Ikeda’s research on bonito and katsuobushi, he discovered that a histodine salt found in inosinic acid also produced an umami taste. While it was actually the inosinic acid (IMP) that produced umami, it would take another forty years for Japanese researchers to start to put the pieces together on the chemicals that produced umami.
Experience of NMR Exposure Conditions
Published in Bertil R. R. Persson, Freddy Ståhlberg, Health and Safety of Clinical NMR Examinations, 2019
Bertil R. R. Persson, Freddy Ståhlberg
Wild-type CHO cells contain hypoxantine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) enzymatic activity. This enzyme is part of the purine salvage pathway, which permits reuse of purines or purine derivatives in nucleotide formation, normally converting guanine or hypoxantine to guanylic or inosinic acid, respectively.38 The HGPRT enzyme can also convert 6-thioguanine (TG) to thioguanosine 5′-monophosphate, a toxic metabolite. Therefore, when wild-type CHO cells are grown in the presence of TG, no cell division occurs and the cells die. Inactivation or loss of this gene product through a gene mutation or deletion results in a TG-resistant cell. By determining the number of cells able to grow in the presence of TG after exposure to some mutagenic agent, the frequency of TG-resistant mutants can be determined. This can be used as a measure of the total mutational damage within the exposed population of cells.
Superparamagnetic Contrast Agents
Published in Michel M. J. Modo, Jeff W. M. Bulte, Molecular and Cellular MR Imaging, 2007
Claire Corot, Marc Port, Irène Guilbert, Philippe Robert, Jean-Sebastien Raynaud, Caroline Robic, Jean-Sebastien Raynaud, Philippe Prigent, Anne Dencausse, Idée Jean-Marc
Polynucleotides such as poly-inosinic acid or polysaccharides such as fucoidan are ligands of scavenger receptors. Raynal et al. observed dose-related inhibition of ferumoxides uptake by polyinosinic acid and fucoidan, which indicates that an SR-mediated endocytosis pathway is involved for this dextran-coated SPIO. By improving the sensitivity of quantification, the same type of inhibition was observed with ferumoxtran-10.13
Systemic Immunosuppression in Cornea and Ocular Surface Disorders: A Ready Reckoner for Ophthalmologists
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
Antimetabolites act by inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation.13 Azathioprine is a purine nucleoside, which suppresses the synthesis of inosinic acid, thereby interfering with the DNA replication and RNA transcription.4 The percentage of patients achieving corticosteroid-sparing success following azathioprine use is reported to be lower than other antimetabolites.14–17 Other disadvantages include a higher discontinuation rate due to gastrointestinal intolerance, bone marrow suppression and hepatotoxicity.1,4,11 However, bone marrow suppression is uncommon at low doses, and as such, is reversible. The recommended dose for azathioprine is 1–3 mg/kg/day (maximum recommended dose is 2.5 mg/kg/day).4 A complete blood count (CBC) should be performed every month and liver function tests (LFTs) should be performed every 3 months. If liver enzyme levels are >1.5 times the upper limit of normal, the dose should be decreased by 25–50 mg/day and the repeat LFTs done in 2 weeks.4
Current and emerging bladder cancer biomarkers with an emphasis on urine biomarkers
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Antonio Lopez-Beltran, Liang Cheng, Thomas Gevaert, Ana Blanca, Alessia Cimadamore, Matteo Santoni, Francesco Massari, Marina Scarpelli, Maria R. Raspollini, Rodolfo Montironi
A metabolite panel with indolyl acryloyl glycine, N2-galacturonyl-L-lysine, and aspartylglutamate permits to discriminate high- vs. low-grade urothelial bladder carcinoma. Moreover, acid trehalose, nicotinuric acid, AspAspGlyTrp peptide were upregulated; inosinic acid, ureidosuccinic acid, and GlyCysAlaLys peptide were downregulated in urothelial bladder carcinoma, but not in normal controls [134]. Also, the alteration of phenylalanine, arginine, proline and tryptophan metabolisms was evidenced by UPLC-MS in noninvasive urothelial bladder carcinoma [135]. Metabolomics advances remain investigational at this time but hold great future promise.
Porphyromonas gingivalis diffusible signaling molecules enhance Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm formation via gene expression modulation
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Yukiko Yamaguchi-Kuroda, Yuichiro Kikuchi, Eitoyo Kokubu, Kazuyuki Ishihara
Genes for de novo synthesis of inosinic acid and uridylic acid were downregulated in our study. These processes involve the synthesis of pyrimidine and purine using amino acids. Previous proteomic studies have found only minor changes in the proteome of F. nucleatum cocultured with P. gingivalis, primarily a decrease in the production of specific proteins [50]. In the present study, the numbers of decreased and increased proteins were comparable.