China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Answers
Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Best fit. Lyme disease is the only tick-borne disease in this list. It takes its name from Lyme, Connecticut, USA. It is an occupational zoonosis (i.e., an infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans and contracted in the course of employment). It is caused by bacterium Borrelia burgdorferri which is transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus. It is characterised by erythema chronicum migrans—an area of redness spreading out from the site of the bite. The tick is usually associated with deer. Neurological symptoms such as facial nerve neuritis, myelitis, encephalitis and meningitis may all occur as may a myocarditis. Chronic polyarthritis may also be found. Risk of contracting Lyme disease can be reduced by covering skin when outdoors, using insect repellent, inspecting clothes and body for ticks and having good personal hygiene.
Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Animal byproducts are products directly obtained from animals and are used as foods and in some cases as medicines. The most consumed whole animal byproducts are milk, egg, and honey which are mainly produced by farmed animals. Fish oil, cod liver oil, and krill oil are byproducts of seawater fish and shellfish, and are destined for the preparation of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid dietary supplements. Velvet antler is a cartilaginous byproduct of deer, elk, moose, and caribou. In addition, edible bird’s nest and fish fins are byproducts of wild swiftlet birds and shark, respectively, and are employed as luxurious food for festivities in many Asian countries, and also for their tonic effects. Silk, skin, and fur are also animal byproducts used for clothing manufacture.
Infectious Diseases
Published in Lyle D. Broemeling, Bayesian Analysis of Infectious Diseases, 2021
Francovich [5] who writes for the Spokesman Review in Spokane, Washington, had an interesting article appearing in the Sunday May 3rd edition. He reports the following. “Imagine walking through a market teeming with humans and nonhuman animals: monkeys, pigs, bats pangolins, beavers, rats, deer, and other creatures unknown and unappetizing to most Americans. Smashed into this small area, half-a-million square feet-slightly more than 10 acres, is a dizzying kaleidoscope of species. There are animals that under more natural circumstances would rarely, if any, interact. You are perusing, like all other humans filtering in and out. Everything is for sale and you are looking for food, fulfilling an evolutionary imperative that provides rhythm to our days. “The article continues by describing the virus interacting between humans and animals. For example, the malaria virus between mosquitos and humans. Consider the wet markets found in China and other countries in Asia. It is in these kind of places that investigators believe SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19 make the jump from bats to pangolins (Asian and African mammals) before transforming to humans. Another example is chronic wasting disease, CWD, which is a neurological malady that kills deer and elk. The infected animal stumble, drool, shed weight, and also lose their fear of people, then die. The disease is now in 26 U.S. states and three Canadian provinces. Although there is no evidence that it has passed to humans, there is always the possibility. For additional information, the reader is referred to the Francovich article in the Spokesman Review.
Deer antler based active ingredients have protective effects on LPS/d -GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice through MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Guixiang He, Quanmin Zhao, Yan Zhao, Ying Zong, Shigang Gu, Mengjie Li, Renjie Li, Jiaxin Sun
The deer antler base is the ossified antler remaining on the stalk of the male sika deer after sawing off the antler. The following spring, when new antlers begin to grow, the antler base fall off on its own, so they are painless and available at a lower cost (Wu et al. 2013; Jiang et al. 2014). It is a part of deer antlers and is also an edible medicine. Its efficacy is similar to that of some other deer antlers (Wu et al. 2013). Modern medical research results prove that deer antler base has pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anti-fatigue, improving sexual function (Zang et al. 2016), enhancing immunity, preventing osteoporosis and treating breast enlargement and mastitis (Zha et al. 2013; Hu et al. 2015; Tao W et al. 2018). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to isolate a protein component from the deer antler base, put forward the scientific hypothesis that this protein component protects mice from ALI, and study the specific mechanism of its protection of the liver.
How relevant are in vitro culture models for study of tick-pathogen interactions?
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Cristiano Salata, Sara Moutailler, Houssam Attoui, Erich Zweygarth, Lygia Decker, Lesley Bell-Sakyi
Confirmation that gene transcription and protein expression by E. chaffeensis grown in tick cell lines resembled that reported for immunologically important antigens in vivo led to a series of studies utilizing tick cells as models. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis confirmed differential expression of over a third of E. chaffeensis genes, including the p28-Omp multigene family, in tick cells (ISE6 and AAE2) and human monocytes [142]. The immune response of mice inoculated with bacteria derived from ISE6 cells was found to be slower and initially less effective than that induced by canine cell-derived bacteria [143]. White-tailed deer, the natural host of E. chaffeensis, developed higher antibody levels and less frequently detected persistent rickettsaemia following experimental infection with bacteria derived from tick (ISE6) cells than with mammalian (DH82) cells; the tick cell-derived bacteria induced an immune response similar to that induced by feeding infected adults of the natural vector Amblyomma americanum [144].
Feasibility as a mechanism for model identification and validation
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2021
Corrine F. Elliott, Joshua W. Lambert, Arnold J. Stromberg, Pei Wang, Ting Zeng, Katherine L. Thompson
Bonar et al. undertook a model-selection procedure aimed at modelling a fawn's survival based on a variety of physical and social factors in its immediate environment, including the terrain, climate, and density of adult female deer. Species was included as a covariate in all models, and mother ID as a random effect; we maintain these requirements for comparability of results. Bonar et al. fitted generalized estimating equations (GEEs) using the R package geepack with an exchangeable covariance structure; empirical standard errors (default); and a binomial random component with logit link function [8,24,25]. Models were ranked according to penalized Quasi-likelihood under the Independence model Criterion (QICu), a generalized analog to AIC [15]. This subset of our study therefore serves as an apt demonstration of the flexibility of the feasibility paradigm to any desired model form and criterion function.