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Components of Nutrition
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
The sugar in milk, lactose has the same formula as sucrose; both are disaccharides, though their structures differ. Producing the enzyme lactase, the small intestine digests lactose. People without this enzyme suffer distress upon consuming milk, a phenomenon that Chapter 7 discusses. This condition may exist at birth. In other cases, people can digest lactose as infants only to reduce lactase production with age, impairing milk tolerance. In regions where dairying has a long history—parts of northern Europe, for example—natural selection has equipped most people to produce lactase throughout life and thereby to tolerate milk. Those intolerant need not eschew all dairy products. Being concentrated in milk solids, lactose is largely absent from butter. Separation of curd from whey and removal of the lactose-rich whey from cheese lower the lactose content. Moreover, enzymes that help make many types of cheese break down lactose. A similar process occurs to produce many yogurts.
Field Philosophy in an Actual Field
Published in Evelyn Brister, Robert Frodeman, A Guide to Field Philosophy, 2020
One early source of perplexity among farmers and agricultural scientists was the meaning of animal rights, and one of my first experiences beyond the academy came when Ray Strickland, a professor of animal science at the University of Maryland, invited me to talk about animal ethics with a group of Ohio dairy farmers. This was, in many respects, a fairly standard classroom lecture. I went through the difference between legal rights and moral rights, and covered the difference between a rights view and a utilitarian approach to optimizing welfare in ethical theory. I also discussed how usage of the phrase ‘animal rights’ was emerging to indicate support for a social movement urging radical change in the use of animals, irrespective of the philosophical or legal foundations for change. My talk to the dairy farmers emphasized the distinction between ‘animal rights’ as a convenient way of gesturing toward sweeping transformation in animal use, and ‘animal rights’ as a concept intended to stress the ethics of treatment given to an individual, as distinct from ethical concepts of benefit and cost that could be distributed across a population (or herd). Dairy farmers themselves regard the interests of each individual animal as generating obligations of husbandry, and they viewed the population-level thinking typical of utilitarianism with suspicion. In that sense, they were more comfortable with an animal rights view than Peter Singer-style welfarism. But if animal rights meant the abolition of dairying, they were opposed.
The Origins of Aging
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Aging: Exploring a Complex Phenomenon, 2017
Although there is not a consensus as to why LP should confer such a selective advantage, the simplest explanation is that LP allowed humans to use fresh milk from domesticated animals as an important food source in the post-weaning period and into adulthood. This example illustrates the link between culture and human evolution. The introduction of domesticated animals and dairying gave a selective advantage to those individuals who through natural variation had LP and who were therefore able to use fresh milk as a food source (Singer 2015). Under these new circumstances, the adaptive value of the LP phenotype became so high that SNPs responsible for LP were subject to strong positive selection and spread through populations practicing dairying. A cultural practice, dairying, modified the ecological niche of certain human populations (niche construction) and this modified ecological niche changed the selective pressures on those populations such that alleles (SNPs) that were previously non-adaptive became highly adaptive.
Betaine attenuates sodium arsenite-induced renal dysfunction in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Sumedha Sharma, Tajpreet Kaur, Ashwani Kumar Sharma, Balbir Singh, Devendra Pathak, Harlokesh Narayan Yadav, Amrit Pal Singh
Animal housing and experiments were done in accordance with the guidelines framed by CPCSEA, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, India. Animal protocol was approved by Animal Ethics Committee of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India (approval no. 226/2018/46). Female Sprague Dawley Rats (Rattus norvegicus) of 14–16 weeks age (250–290 g) were purchased from National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India. Rats were acclimatized for 2 weeks before starting the experiments. Rats were housed at 25 ± 2 °C, 50–60% humidity and exposed to 12-h light/dark cycle in central animal facility of Guru Nanak Dev University, India (CPCSEA Registration No. 226/PO/Re/S/2000/CPCSEA). Rats were given free access to standard pellet chow feed and water throughout the study.
Capillary microsampling in mice: effective way to move from sparse sampling to serial sampling in pharmacokinetics profiling
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Amol A. Raje, Vallabh Mahajan, Vishal V. Pathade, Kaushal Joshi, Ashutosh Gavali, Ashwani Gaur, Vishwottam Kandikere
Male Swiss albino mice (25 ± 5 g body weight) were obtained from in-house animal breeding facility. Mice were acclimatized in the laboratory for one week prior to experiments and were maintained under standard environmental conditions with 12-h light/dark cycle with free access to rodent chow and filtered water. Prior to start of experiments, animals were kept for 4–6 h fasting and water was supplied ad libitum. Feed was provided 2-h post-dose. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC/ADVP/055-15) and were in accordance with the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandary and Dairying, Department of Animal Husbandary and Dairying, Government of India.
Tuberculosis and leprosy associated with historical human population movements in Europe and beyond – an overview based on mycobacterial ancient DNA
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2019
The MTB complex has been found in human skeletal remains in a pre-pottery Neolithic B site in ancient Syria, pre-dating animal domestication (8800–8300 BCE cal.), shown by aDNA and lipid biomarkers plus microCT analyses (Baker et al. 2015, 2017). However, aDNA has also shown that the human strain of tuberculosis was present in the pre-Pottery Neolithic C period in the Eastern Mediterranean (Hershkovitz et al. 2008, 2015), dating from 9250–8160 (calibrated) years ago. The diagnosis was based on a deletion in the TbD1 sequence that enables differentiation of human M. tuberculosis from other members of the MTB complex. Two separate laboratories confirmed the DNA analysis and HPLC was used as an independent method of verification by the direct detection of MTB cell wall mycolic acid lipid biomarkers. The particular site, Atlit-Yam, had been protected due to a rise in sea level. The site was covered by mud so was anaerobic and at a constant cool temperature, ideal conditions for the preservation of aDNA. The human population were farmers, but there was no dairying. An adult female was found together with an infant, presumably a mother and child. The aDNA was sufficiently well preserved to demonstrate the presence of the specific deletion in the TbD1 locus in the infant, confirming the presence of the human strain of M. tuberculosis.