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Radiation Carcinogenesis: Human Model
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
Radiation-induced cancer is indistinguishable from cancer induced chemically or spontaneously. Therefore, the current proposed cancer prevention strategies could be adopted for radiation-induced cancer: the National Cancer Institute has recommended modification in diets and lifestyle. These recommendations include a low-fat and high-fiber diet, which is rich in fresh fruits and vegetables. In the current recommendation the total fat calories can be reduced to 20% (1 g fat = 9 calories). Excessive amounts of fat can act as tumor promoters; in addition, they produce high levels of prostaglandins, which are immunosuppressive. High fibers can bind bile acid, cholesterol, and some mutagens that are formed in the GI tract; they are eliminated through feces. The fermentation of fiber by endogenous bacteria generates millimole levels of butyric acid, a 4-carbon small fatty acid, in the lower intestinal tract. Sodium butyrate has been shown to reduce the growth of several types of cancer. Sodium butyrate may be one of the mechanisms involved in the cancer-protective effect of a high-fiber diet, and this mechanism of protection could be applicable to all cancers. In addition, the consumption of cured meat (rich in nitrite), smoked foods, and pickled foods should be reduced. The lifestyle change recommendation includes cessation of tobacco smoking and chewing, reduction in consumption of alcohol and caffeine, and adoption of habits of regular exercise and reduced stress.
Nutritional management in pulmonary rehabilitation
Published in Claudio F. Donner, Nicolino Ambrosino, Roger S. Goldstein, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2020
Rosanne J.H.C.G. Beijers, Emiel F.M. Wouters, Annemie M.W.J. Schols
Poor dietary quality may accelerate disturbances in body composition in COPD. A large cohort study in the Netherlands including 564 COPD patients referred for PR showed that patients had a typically Western diet with insufficient intake of protein, carbohydrate, vitamins (especially vitamin D), and calcium combined with a too-high intake of (saturated) fat (20). Moreover, patients with COPD consumed less dietary fibre, vegetables and fruit compared to control subjects (13), which may result in deficiency of vitamins with antioxidant capacity. As smoking and lung inflammation in COPD are known to cause significant oxidative stress, a reduction of the antioxidative capacity may affect the course of COPD. A prudent diet, especially a diet rich in dietary fibre, has been associated with better lung function, less lung function decline and reduced risk of COPD (21). So far, two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the compliance and efficacy of a dietary shift from low to moderate intake of fruit and vegetables in moderate-to-severe COPD (22,23). Although these studies showed good compliance and a smaller decline in lung function after the dietary shift, no association was found between increased fruit and vegetable intake and changes in biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, frequent or high consumption of cured meats is also associated with increased risk of developing COPD and is linked to a higher risk of COPD readmission (24).
Involvement of Dopamine with Various Cancers
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Stomach cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide, with 870,000 new cases diagnosed annually [27]. Mortality from gastric cancer is second only to lung cancer. The incidence of gastric cancer has been declining worldwide, likely due to changes in dietary practices such as increased intake of fresh fruits and vegetable and reduced consumption of smoked and cured meat and fish. Infection with Helicobacter pylori, which causes chronic gastritis, is a risk factor in the development of this cancer. Most patients diagnosed with stomach cancer have an advanced disease and poor prognosis, with survival rates not exceeding 15%. Management depends on tumor staging. Small intramucosal tumors can be resected endoscopically. Standard treatment for invasive gastric cancer is gastrectomy with regional lymph node dissection. For patients with advanced disease, neo-adjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy is employed, using 5-FU, doxorubicin, or cisplatin, and their combination.
Novel dietary risk factors for asthma
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2019
Raphaëlle Varraso, Carlos A. Camargo
The exact role of processed meat in the pathogenesis of asthma remains unclear and mechanistic studies are lacking, but one possible mechanism is the nitrites added to meat products [16,17]. The sodium salts of nitrate (NaNO3) and nitrite (NaNO2) are used in the curing and preserving of processed meat. Based on the processing technology, processed meat products that are treated with small amounts of nitrite, either as dry salt or as salt solution in water, are classified as ‘cured’ meat [16,17]. Regulations controlling the use and level of curing agents are country-specific. Nitrites are used for three purposes: to preserve color, especially the pink color for hot dogs and other cured meats; to enhance flavor by inhibiting rancidity; and to protect against bacterial growth. Nitrites are rapidly absorbed both in the small intestine and in the stomach, where they may react with secondary or tertiary amines and amides to reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as N-nitroso compounds. With regard to the lung, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNS can amplify inflammatory processes in the airways and lung parenchyma causing lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, and inactivation of proteins. The long-term persistence of nitrosative stress and of inflammation may contribute to progressive deterioration of pulmonary function and asthma pathogenesis [16,17].
Listeria monocytogenes sepsis in the nursing home community: a case report and short review of the literature
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2018
Griet Buyck, Veronique Devriendt, Anne-Marie Van den Abeele, Christian Bachmann
The source of infection in sporadic cases is usually not known, but most cases are thought to be secondary to ingestion of contaminated food [4]. Exposure to precooked or cured meat, unpasteurized soft cheese, raw hot dogs, pâtés, and fruits are important risk factors. Listeria is commonly found as a low-level contaminant in processed and unprocessed foods. Clinical infection is more likely after ingestion of foods with higher levels of contamination. Infections from animal contact are uncommon, primarily occurring in veterinarians, abattoir workers, and farmers. The incubation period for Listeria gastroenteritis is substantially shorter than the incubation period for invasive disease. For gastroenteritis, the mean incubation period is 24 h (range 6 h to 10 days); whereas, for invasive listeriosis, the median incubation period is 35 days (range 1 to 91 days) [5].
Diet Therapy for Cancer Prevention and Treatment Based on Traditional Persian Medicine
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
There are some controversies among TPM anticancer diet and modern beliefs based on epidemiological studies. For instance, while the consumption of red meat (lamb and kid), lamb head and leg soup and chicken meat are recommended, the intake of beef and veal especially processed or salt-cured meat is ruled out due to their carcinogenic nature. A number of studies demonstrated the association between heme iron consumption and cancer risk including adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and stomach and colorectal cancer (192,193). It is evidenced that young animals and chicken meat, the intake of which is suggested by TPM, contain lower levels of heme iron (194,195). According to TPM, the excessive level of a substance called “black bile” in the body is the most important cause of cancer. Interestingly, black bile is considered to be equivalent to the hemoglobin part of the blood. Therefore, it seems that the intake of meats containing higher levels of heme iron is discouraged by TPM. Moreover, excessive consumption of some vegetables and foodstuffs such as eggplant (Solanum melongena), dates (Phoenix dactylifera), and lentils (Lens esculenta) are also considered to be carcinogenic in TPM. On the other hand, intake of cuisines containing zucchinis, almonds, purslane, and black grams as major ingredient is highly emphasized in cancer patients. However, there is little pharmacological and epidemiological evidence supporting the anticancer effects of these plants.