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The eighteenth century
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
After-care On the completion of childbirth the woman was cleansed and pomatum applied to the external parts to relieve the discomfort. A nourishing drink of warm wine or caudle laced with ‘nutmeg and sugar grated together in a spoon’ was offered to the exhausted parturient.
The practices of midwives
Published in Adrian Wilson, The Making of Man-Midwifery, 2018
The birth was not only contained within a distinct social space, but also physically and symbolically enclosed. Air was excluded by blocking up the keyholes; daylight was shut out by curtains; and the darkness within was illuminated by means of candles, which were therefore standard requirements for a delivery.13 Thus reconstituted, the room became the lying-in chamber, the physical counterpart of the female social space to which the mother now belonged. Somewhere in this room, if it had a fireplace, or perhaps elsewhere in the house, some of the gossips were preparing the mother’s caudle — the special drink associated with childbirth, consisting of ale or wine, warmed with sugar and spices.14 As the gossips and midwife arrived, as the room and the caudle were being prepared, the birth itself was gradually advancing. Delivery, too, was a matter of culture, not simply of Nature: as we shall see, different midwives had their own chosen methods, and this practical discretion reflected their authority over the birth. But once the child had been delivered, the “navel-string” tied and cut (perhaps by one of the gossips), and the child washed, such variability gave way to constancy with the swaddling of the child — either performed or supervised by the midwife. Once swaddled, the child was shown to the mother.15
Neuropathic Pain
Published in Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole, Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
David R. Longmire, Gary W. Jay, Mark V. Boswell
Although, under certain circumstances, dynorphin appears to have analgesic properties, it is becoming increasingly clear that dynorphin also has nonopioid, antianalgesic properties. Antiserum to dynorphin blocks thermal hyperalgesia after nerve injury in rats. Moreover, antiserum to dynorphin or MK801, an NMDA antagonist, restores normal spinal morphine analgesia following spinal nerve ligation. Furthermore, both agents restore morphine synergy between the brain and spinal cord (Ossipov et al., 2000), which is required for the full clinical analgesic effects of morphine. Therefore, current evidence suggests that the pain-promoting effect of dynorphin is mediated by the NMDA receptor. Although the full clinical ramifications of dynorphin are far from understood, it is clear that sustained nociceptive drive from the periphery maintains elevated levels of spinal dynorphin, which, in turn, may have toxic effects on the spinal cord. Thus, reducing sustained peripheral nociceptive input into the spinal (i.e., pain relief) may be an important way to reduce the incidence of neuropathic pain (Caudle & Mannes, 2000).
Executive function in HIV-affected children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses
Published in AIDS Care, 2021
Kirsten Rowe, Ruta Buivydaite, Torben Heinsohn, Mana Rahimzadeh, Ryan G. Wagner, Gaia Scerif, Alan Stein
Executive function (EF), mediated by prefrontal cortices (PFCs), is a set of cognitive control processes which regulate cognition and behaviour. EF develops throughout adolescence (Blakemore & Choudhury, 2006). There are three core interrelated yet distinguishable EFs: inhibition, working memory, set-shifting (Miyake et al., 2000). EF demands occur in “cool”, emotionally neutral contexts (lateral PFC-mediated) or “hot”, emotionally salient contexts (orbitofrontal PFC-mediated) (Blakemore & Choudhury, 2006; Casey & Caudle, 2013; Poon, 2018; Prencipe et al., 2011; Zelazo & Carlson, 2012). HIV may affect EFs differentially (K. A. Walker & Brown, 2018) with earlier insults during “critical periods” of frontal lobe development associated with poorer outcomes (Anderson et al., 2010; Jacobs et al., 2007).
Pharmacogenomics in the era of next generation sequencing – from byte to bedside
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Laura E. Russell, Yitian Zhou, Ahmed A. Almousa, Jasleen K. Sodhi, Chukwunonso K. Nwabufo, Volker M. Lauschke
Although workflows incorporating pharmacogenetic information into EHRs along with corresponding best practices are gaining traction, these data are not generally accessible in an easy-to-use manner. Recent advances include adding standardized CPIC phenotype terms to Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms (SNOMED-CT), which adds the patient metabolizer status into problem lists within EHR workflows (Caudle et al. 2017). Further, the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Consortium recently highlighted the importance of standardization to harmonize sequencing procedures and data interpretation between multiple centers (eMERGE Consortium 2019). The main objectives of the study were to obtain EHR data and return genetic sequencing results to physicians, who further relayed this information to patients. It should be noted that there are significant challenges associated with the use of multiple centers, such as considering differences in collection sites and methodologies to collect, validate, and relay patient information. Additionally, findings suggested that the brevity of clinical visits hampered detailed phenotypes, and that enrollment in specific research studies may not capture information outside the scope of the study in question, thus stressing the importance of standardization of data collection, interpretation, and subsequent return of important findings to the patient, for effective implementation of precision medicine.
Understanding Data-Driven Organizational Culture: A Case Study of Family League of Baltimore
Published in Journal of Technology in Human Services, 2020
Angela Kline, Stephanie Dolamore
An additional complexity related to the organizational capacity to manage data is the need to measure performance across organizations and within networks. Newcomer and Caudle named network performance collaboration as a key challenge for modernizing performance systems: “Agency leaders will have to be innovative and even change their agency cultures to ensure that cross-management coordination and collaboration takes place to achieve high-priority goals that cross agencies and to support performance improvements” (Newcomer & Caudle, 2011, p. 120). Selden, Sowa, and Sandfort (2006) make the distinction of interorganizational relationships between cooperation, coordination, collaboration, and service integration as these can impact service outcomes. But more research is needed to provide practical performance measurement solutions in networks. Heranz writes, “very little is known about whether and how a public manager’s approach to network coordination is associated with the network’s performance” and that it is unclear how to relate a network’s effectiveness to its “control, management, and coordination” (Heranz, 2010, p. 315).