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Excipients and Their Attributes in Granulation
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
TCP is available in powdered form, which like powdered DCP, is mostly used in wet granulation, or a granular form for direct compression applications. The powdered form is also used as an anti-caking agent in formulations where the active ingredient may be oily or sticky. Aside from the difference in deformation properties, the use of TCP in wet granulation is much the same as that of DCP, in that it is essentially another dense free-flowing filler of moderate compactibility, also insoluble in water. Calcium sulfate, dihydrate, also known as terra alba or gypsum, and available in both the powdered and granular form, is also a good filler for wet granulation applications. Calcium sulfate is also slightly soluble and this has caused issues on stability in the past. It is a non-hygroscopic material and therefore good for use with moisture sensitive active ingredients. The material is quite dense, as well.
Classification of Toxins in Humans
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Direct food or color additives are intentionally incorporated in food and food processing for the purpose of changing, enhancing, or masking color. They are also used for a variety of functionalities, ranging from anticaking agents to stabilizers, thickeners, and texturizers. This area is encompassed within the field of food toxicology, and the reader is referred to any of the review articles concerning food ingredients and contaminants.
Inorganic Chemical Pollutants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Aluminum oxide, or alumina, appears mainly in the form of particulates in the air, and mainly china and pottery workers, bauxite mining workers, and aluminum refining workers are exposed to alumina fumes. Alumina particles of the size of 2 μm may be highly fibrogenic. The TLV value for aluminum oxide is 10 mg/m3.901 Other contaminations can come from heaters, cooking wares, antacids, public drinking water, and deodorants. There are also some food additives containing aluminum. These are sodium aluminum phosphates, aluminum sulfates, alums for pickling agents, and aluminum silicates used as anticaking agents and in chewing gums.
Issues currently complicating the risk assessment of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) nanoparticles after oral exposure
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Walter Brand, Petra C. E. van Kesteren, Ruud J. B. Peters, Agnes G. Oomen
Synthetic Amorphous Silica (SAS) is applied in production of food and feed products as a clearing agent, stabilizer, carrier, anticaking agent or flow aid (EFSA ANS Panel et al. 2018; Fruijtier-Pölloth 2016; Villota, Hawkes, and Cochrane 1986). It is known as food additive E 551. As an anticaking agent or flow aid, SAS covers the surface of host powders in the food product, thereby reducing attracting Van-der Waals forces and/or absorbing the liquid film covering the host particles. In addition to its use as food additive, its use in dietary supplements, medicines and toothpaste can result in direct oral exposure (Aureli et al. 2020). SAS has many other applications, including in personal care products (i.e. cosmetics) other than toothpaste, as biocidal active substance, and in food contact materials.
Extensive high-pressure injection injury of the hand due to epoxy resin paint: a case report
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Gaku Niitsuma, Hidechika Nakashima, Takushi Nagai, Kenichirou Teramoto, Keikichi Kawasaki, Katsunori Inagaki
The components of epoxy resin paint include a large number of carcinogens, such as toluene (18%); phenol, 4-dodecyl-, branched (9%); xylene (9%); 2-propanol (9%); ethylbenzene (9%); isobutanol (9%); solvent naphtha (petroleum), light arom (0.9%); and Stoddard solvent (0.9%) [9]. Epoxy resin paint has skin corrosive/irritant properties and reproductive toxicity. Remnants could cause cancer due to the presence of toluene and xylene [9]. The physical characteristics of epoxy resin paint include hardening at room temperature. Additionally, it has excellent water- and salt-resistant properties and is often used for painting ships and reinforcing cracks. The fluid cures in 12–24 h and volatilizes toxic substances when it hardens (volatile toxicity), which ends once curing ceases. There is an anticaking agent that is available, but it is tissue-toxic, and its application to tissue during surgery is prohibited [9]. Based on the above characteristics, the best treatment in such cases is to remove the paint before it hardens completely. Thus, we decided to perform a thorough debridement.
Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
The primary source of Al intake in the general human population is from foods and beverages, with over 95% most commonly from food. Daily Al intake by adults from 70 English-language published studies since 1990 averaged 7.4 mg, with a median of 5.3 mg (calculated by the author). Assuming 70 kg body weight, 7.4 mg/day results in a daily intake of 106 μg/kg. Assuming 0.1% Al absorption, the daily systemic Al exposure would be ∼0.1 μg/kg, or 0.5 to 1% of that calculated for the mouse and rat. However, some people consume much more dietary Al than these averages. The highest average reported in these studies is 28.5 mg/day (Gharib 2004) and one individual’s daily consumption was reported to be 176 mg (Aung et al. 2006). Major contributors to Al in food are the approved food additives acidic sodium aluminum phosphate as a leavening agent, resulting in high Al levels in baked goods; basic sodium aluminum phosphate as an emulsifying agent in cheese; and sodium aluminosilicate as an anticaking agent, in non-diary creamer and single packets of salt (Yokel 2013). In China, fried bread, and in Japan jellyfish treated with alum, often contain very high Al levels. Tea beverage typically contains 1–4 mg/L and can significantly increase daily Al intake. Consumption of Al-containing pharmaceuticals, such as antacids/phosphate binders, can result in ingestion of up to 5000 mg Al/day (Yokel and McNamara 2001). Because >90% of Al is eliminated by the kidneys, reduced renal function and end-stage renal disease can increase Al accumulation and the risk of Al-induced adverse effects.