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Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Prostate
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
The peri-prostatic venous plexus envelopes the prostate anteriorly and laterally.It is anterior to the bladder and posterior to the arcuate pubic ligament and lower part of the pubic symphysis.
Male reproductive system
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Prostate– encapsulated by fibrous capsule– ant. + post. + middle + two lat. lobes– contains post. median sulcus– central zone (25%) + peripheral zone (75%) (usual site of carcinoma)– connected to ejaculatory ducts (opens through prostatic utricle) posteriorly– sandwiched between neck of bladder and urogenital diaphragm– contributes to formation of seminal fluid (alkaline secretion)– arterial SS: inf. vesical a. (from int. iliac a.)– venous drainage: prostatic venous plexus
The prostate and seminal vesicles
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
The glands of the peripheral zone (Figure78.2), lined by columnar epithelium, lie in the fibromuscular stroma and their ducts, which are long and branched, open into posterolateral grooves on either side of the verumontanum. The glands of the CZ and TZ are shorter and unbranched. All these ducts, the common ejaculatory ducts and the prostatic utricle open into the prostatic urethra. BPH starts in the periurethral transitional zone and, as it increases in size, it compresses the outer PZ of the prostate, which becomes the false capsule. There is also the outer true fibrous anatomical capsule and external to this lie condensations of endopelvic fascia known as the periprostatic sheath of endopelvic fascia. Between the anatomical capsule and the prostatic sheath lies the abundant prostatic venous plexus. The neurovascular bundles supplying autonomic innervation to the corpora of the penis are in very close relationship to the posterolateral aspect of the prostatic capsule and are at risk of damage during radical cystoprosta- tectomy or radical prostatectomy; inadvertent diathermy in the region of these nerves may be the cause of uncommon erectile impotence after transurethral prostatectomy.
Bilateral disease and intratesticular haemodynamics as markers of dyspermia in patients with subclinical varicocele: A prospective study
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2019
Georgios Tsampoukas, Athanasios Dellis, Athanasios Papatsoris
There was a statistically significant difference in the presence of bilateral SVs between the two groups, with most of the men in Group A having unilateral SV, whereas most of the men in Group B had bilateral SVs. Our findings should be considered meaningful, as patients with bilateral SVs seem to have a greater likelihood of having abnormal semen parameters. Our present observations are in accordance with the literature concerning the role of bilateral varicocele regardless of size. Firstly, according to Trussell et al. [9], up to 77.5% of infertile men with varicocele may have bilateral disease. In cases of a concurrent left clinical varicocele and right SV, bilateral varicocelectomy has been found superior to unilateral varicocelectomy for both improvement in semen parameters and increase in pregnancy rates [10]. Other anatomical aspects should also be taken into consideration, which attach extra importance to bilateral disease; Sakamoto and Ogawa [46] found that bilateral, clinical varicoceles and SVs, are much more frequently correlated with dilation of the prostatic venous plexus in comparison to unilateral SVs or no disease. Furthermore, in a study of men with bilateral clinical varicoceles with asthenospermia, the simultaneous presence of a dilated prostatic venous plexus was accompanied strongly with hyperviscosity; patients with a dilated prostatic venous plexus did not have a significant improvement in their motility and viscosity after varicocelectomy compared to those who did not have a dilated prostatic venous plexus [47]. Finally, an interesting finding was reported by Cervellione et al. [7], who observed that none of the children with bilateral SV developed a clinical varicocele during a long-term follow-up.