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The Heart (HT)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
The axillary vein ends lateral to the 1st rib and becomes the subclavian vein. The axillary vein connects, either directly or indirectly, with the inguinal region via the lateral thoracic vein and thoracoepigastric vein(s). The lateral thoracic vein is a tributary of the axillary vein and the thoracoepigastric veins arise from the anastomoses of superficial veins draining the groin. This connection between veins of the groin and the axillary vein creates a collateral channel through which venous blood returns to the heart in cases of inferior vena caval obstruction.
The evolution of breast reconstructions with free flaps: a historical overview
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2023
Filip E. F. Thiessen, Nicolas Vermeersch, Thierry Tondu, Veronique Verhoeven, Lawek Bersenji, Yves Sinove, Guy Hubens, Gunther Steenackers, Wiebren A. A. Tjalma
In 1976, Fujino published the first case report of a free tissue transfer to reconstruct a breast after radical mastectomy. A skin-fat-muscle flap from the upper portion of the greater gluteal muscle was harvested including the superior gluteal artery and vein. A successful microvascular anastomosis was performed connecting the superior gluteal vessels to the thoracoacromial artery and lateral thoracic vein. The same authors reported the use of a gluteal free flap for the reconstruction of a congenital aplastic breast [10,11]. In 1978, Serafin et al. were the first to describe a series of free flaps to reconstruct the breast after radical mastectomy. Ten groin flaps and two contralateral LD-flaps were used in combination with an implant in twelve patients [12]. Holmström was the first to use the abdominal pannus as donor site to reconstruct the breast. This flap was called the free abdominoplasty flap, which was based on the inferior epigastric vessels and a superficial vein [13]. Basically Holmstöm was the first to describe and perform a free TRAM flap.
Role of Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring in Postoperative Muscle and Nerve Function of Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Serhat Tokgöz, Ebru Karaca Umay, Kerim Bora Yilmaz, Muzaffer Akkoca, Melih Akinci, Cem Azili, Mehmet Saydam, Yasin Ucar, Şener Balas
As a result, knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the axillary region and preservation of these nerves during cautious dissection in axillary lymph node dissection is useful for preserving muscle functions and preventing morbidity. However, our study showed that morbidity might develop despite careful dissection. Furthermore, this study showed that nerve and muscle functions were significantly preserved using an objective method such as IONM, which has a significant role in preserving the PMM, the main structure of the chest wall. Our nerve monitoring technique is simple and more reliable for low-volume centers than the exposure technique with the angle according to the lateral thoracic vein, which was defined by Anthony et al. [29] or through the surgical technique suggested by Zin et al. [30].