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Anesthesia of Laboratory Rats
Published in Yanlin Wang-Fischer, Manual of Stroke Models in Rats, 2008
Yanlin Wang-Fischer, Lee Koetzner
In the commercially prepared solution of iontocaine (1% to 2% lidocaine HCl with 1:100,000 or 1:50,000 epinephrine, 50 mL/bottle, Henry Schein), epinephrine was added to lidocaine to increase the depth and duration of anesthesia, presumably because of its vasoconstrictor activity, which decreases the rate of removal of lidocaine from the site of administration. Recommended doses are 0.1 to 0.2 mL applied locally to the surgical area. It produces 30 to 60 minutes of analgesia.
Procedural and Perioperative Pain Management for Children
Published in Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole, Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Stephen R. Hays, Christine L. Algren, John T. Algren
Numby Stuff® is a unique system for intradermal delivery of local anesthetic. Numby Stuff utilizes iontophoresis, employing mild electrical current to promote rapid intradermal transport of Iontocaine®, a solution of 2% lidocaine and 1:100,000 epinephrine. Iontocaine is applied and covered with specialized electrodes connected to the Numby Stuff generator. Dermal anesthesia to a depth of 10 mm is obtained within 10 minutes. Numby Stuff is effective for intravenous catheter insertion and pulsed dye laser therapy (Ashburn et al., 1997), and provides cutaneous analgesia more rapidly and effectively than EMLA cream (Squire, Kirchhoff, & Hissong, 2000). Although the system is approved for use in all ages, younger children may be frightened by the tingling sensation produced by the electrical current.
Iontophoresis: Applications in Drug Delivery and Noninvasive Monitoring *
Published in Richard H. Guy, Jonathan Hadgraft, Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2002
M. Begoña Delgado-Charro, Richard H. Guy
Administration of anesthesics and anti-inflammatories was another obvious application of iontophoresis. Iontocaine® was the first drug-device (lidocaine) combination approved by the FDA (5,11). An integrated lidocaine device is currently in Phase III clinical trials. In this system, as reported elsewhere, a vasoactive drug is administered with lidocaine to optimize its iontophoretic delivery and to prolong the local anesthesia produced thereby (87).
Transscleral passive and iontophoretic transport: theory and analysis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
Iontophoresis has been used in drug delivery through different administration routes for systemic or local effects. FDA-approved iontophoresis treatments include transdermal fentanyl (Ionsys, Medicines Co.) [10,11] and sumatriptan (Zecuity, NuPathe/Teva) [12,13]. Iontophoresis is also used in topical treatments such as pilocarpine iontophoresis for sweat stimulation (e.g. Macroduct) [14], lidocaine iontophoresis for local anesthesia (e.g. Iontocaine and Lidosite) [15,16], and dexamethasone iontophoresis (using dexamethasone phosphate) for rehabilitation in physical therapy [17]. In addition to skin delivery, iontophoresis has also been used in transtympanic delivery (e.g. Medtronic Xomed, Otomed, and Acclarent) [18,19] and dentistry [20–23], and has been studied in ocular, transungual, buccal, nasal, and intestinal drug delivery [9]. Particularly, ocular iontophoretic drug delivery has been examined in animals and humans [24–28]. Clinical trials using iontophoresis with dexamethaosne phosphate for dry eye syndrome and inflammation [29,30] and riboflavin for corneal crosslinking in keratoconus treatment [31,32] are completed or underway. In general, ocular iontophoresis can be divided into transcorneal and transscleral iontophoresis based on the application site [33]. Transscleral iontophoresis has been studied as an alternative method for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye because iontophoresis is noninvasive, easy to administer, and relatively safe. For example, transscleral iontophoresis can be carried out by a physician assistant instead of an ophthalmologist who is required to perform intravitreal injections. The safety of transscleral iontophoresis has been evaluated in animals and in human clinical studies. The tolerance of transscleral iontophoresis could be up to 125 mA/cm2 for 5 min in animals when damages to the pigment epithelium and retina started to be observed [34]. Electric current up to 3 mA (~3.7 mA/cm2) for ~20 min [35] or up to 3.5 mA (7 mA/cm2) for ~3 min [27,36] were found to be well-tolerated in humans.