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The Special Sense Organs and Their Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The hollow eyeball is divided into three cavities: the anterior chamber located between the iris and cornea; the vitreous chamber, the space behind the lens that contains the vitreous humor; and the posterior chamber between the iris, lens, and vitreous chamber. The other chambers of the eye are filled with aqueous humor, which is secreted by the ciliary processes and reabsorbed into the venous system through the canal of Schlemm (Figure 13.3).
Fundamentals
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
Object based programming supports: 1) notion of nested class, 2) inheritance, 2) generic template of a class that can generate multiple active objects at runtime and 3) information hiding. The visibility of data and code can be hidden to promote modularity of a large software. Object-oriented programming supports complex nested relations, multimedia objects that involve multiple components and interoperability in text analysis involving the tree-structure of the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) codes. For example, eye is made of iris, retina, cornea and vitreous chamber. Each of them can have different diseases. All these diseases are eye-related diseases. Each component has subcomponents, and each subcomponent has multiple related diseases. There is an implicit tree-structure of subclasses: a disease in a component of an eye is also a disease in the eye.
Bacteriology of Ophthalmic Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Arumugam Priya, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
Based on the ocular site of inflammation, uveitis can be classified into four major types as anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and panuveitis. The inflammation of anterior chamber or the iris lesion or keratic precipitates are usually demarcated as anterior uveitis. Intermediate uveitis can be defined as the inflammation of the vitreous chamber with or without the involvement of peripheral retina. Inflammation affecting retina, choroid, retinal vessels, or posterior vitreous humor is defined as the posterior uveitis. Combination of inflammation in all three described sites is collectively termed panuveitis (Bodaghi et al., 2001).
Cytopathology of Vitreous Specimens in Acute Retinal Necrosis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Sara L. Hojjatie, Jessica G. Shantha, Ghazala D. O’Keefe, Colleen S. Kraft, Alfredo Voloschin, Hans Grossniklaus, Steven Yeh
Following acute infection, severe anterior chamber and vitreous inflammation are observed in association with diffuse or multifocal retinal whitening, with cells rapidly undergoing cytolysis, as the necrotic retina sloughs into the vitreous chamber. The severe vasculitis may also result in retinal artery occlusion or ischemia of the choriocapillaris, driving the inflammatory process further. Confluent retinal necrosis and multiple retinal breaks in the context of vitreous liquefaction and vitreoretinal traction may result in 40% to over 60% of ARN cases being complicated by retinal detachment.6,7 The treatment of ARN thus involves a balance between eradicating the infection with systemic and local antiviral therapy and controlling the inflammatory response without reducing the anti-infective response of the eye.8 Developing a further understanding of the infectious process and the inflammatory response is thus paramount.
Biomechanics of suprachoroidal drug delivery: From benchtop to clinical investigation in ocular therapies
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Shelley E. Hancock, Chen-Rei Wan, Nathan E. Fisher, Rafael V. Andino, Thomas A. Ciulla
There has been a rapid evolution in ocular drug delivery technology targeting common blinding retinal disorders. Until recently, chorio-retinal diseases have been treated with pharmacological therapies using periocular, intravitreal, and subretinal administrations. Periocular injection yields less efficacy when compared the intravitreal injection, likely due to limited and variable scleral penetration [1]. Intravitreal injection yields broad diffusion of pharmacological agents throughout the vitreous chamber, but also expose the anterior segment, posing additional potential safety risks, especially for corticosteroids. Suprachoroidal injection represents an alternative procedure that leverages a potential space to target high levels of therapies to affected chorio-retinal tissues to potentially maximize efficacy, while compartmentalizing them away from the unaffected vitreous and anterior segment to potentially enhance safety. Small molecule suspensions also exhibit multi-month duration in preclinical studies as well as in clinical trials assessing suprachoroidally injected CLS-TA. Suprachoroidal injection via the SCS Microinjector has been studied extensively preclinically and demonstrated satisfactory procedural safety and efficacy outcomes clinically, which has led to clinical studies of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor small molecule suspension, as well as viral vector gene therapies and viral nanoparticle conjugates [64,65]. By leveraging biomechanical considerations discussed herein, therapies such as these can be optimized to maximize therapeutic outcomes and patient safety.
Management and diagnosis of recurrent anterior uveitis due to underlying HLA–B27 positive, seronegative spondyloarthropathy
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Simon Backhouse, James A Armitage
Ms J had good acuity (right and left eyes 6/6). The right eye showed a ciliary flush, a round but slightly sluggish pupil and Standardisation of Uveitis Nomenclature Working Group (SUN) grade 2+ cells (18 cells counted in 1-mm2 area) in the anterior chamber. There was no evidence of keratitic precipitates and no iris nodules present. Dilated pupil examination indicated that the posterior and vitreous chambers were free of cells; however, some (presumed longstanding) vitreous floaters were present. Intraocular pressure was 13-mmHg in both eyes, consistent with previous measures, and the angle was open when assessed by Van Herick. The left eye was unremarkable. Ms J was diagnosed with anterior uveitis (iritis) and advised to use topical 1% prednisolone acetate (Prednefrin Forte) every hour and topical 1% atropine twice daily. A letter was sent to Ms J’s general practitioner on 22 February requesting human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B27 testing, with a positive result being reported by the patient on 1 March. On 23 February, 24-hours after commencing treatment, the patient was reviewed and the eye appeared quieter, with less limbal flush and approximately 10 cells per mm2 (SUN grade 1+). The patient was asked to continue with hourly Prednefrin Forte day and night for another 24-hours and then to reduce to every three to four hours at night while maintaining an hourly dosage during the day.