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Immune Responses Regulated by Exosomal Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Shyam S. Bansal, Immune Cells, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2022
Brooke Lee, Ioannis D. Kyriazis, Ruturaj Patil, Syed Baseeruddin Alvi, Amit Kumar Rai, Mahmood Khan, Venkata Naga Srikanth Garikipati
DCs have also been found to dispatch exosomes and receive information from other cells through their exosomal cargo, thus activating the DCs. This could be driven by cross talk, where DCs endocytose and present intact and functional MHC-antigen complexes found within EVs (Campana, De Pasquale et al. 2015). Exosomal intercellular communication is one of the three ways a donor cell can activate DCs apart from trogocytosis and tunneling nanotubes. For example, heart allograft rejection is mediated by exosomes from the donor DCs that are processed via the host in the adjacent lymph nodes (Liu, Rojas-Canales et al. 2016). Endothelial cell-derived EVs that exhibit elevated CXCR1 chemokine expression can increase DC migration (Brown, Johnson et al. 2018).
Mitochondrial Transplantation in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Handbook of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, 2019
David Blitzer, Borami Shin, Alvise Guariento, Pedro J. del Nido, James D. McCully
There are several proposed mechanisms for cardiomyocyte internalization for transplanted mitochondria, which include actin-meditated endocytosis, Caveolae-dependent-clathrin dependent endocytosis, tunneling nanotubes and macro-pinocytosis [152–154]. The widely accepted endosymbiotic origin theory of mitochondria would support the actin-mediated endocytosis hypothesis, and indeed recent in vitro work demonstrated that only Cyctochalasin D, a specific inhibitor of actin polymerization, decreased cardiomyocyte internalization of mitochondria, and, subsequently, deceased ATP content. This further supports actin-mediated endocytosis as the mechanism by which mitochondria are internalized by cardiomyocytes [155]. Once internalized, there is in-vivo evidence to suggest that mitochondria are transferred between cells and through the syncytium by a process of tunneling nanotubes [156].
The Internal Milieu Brain and Body
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Neural-immune signaling: Cells of the IS possess elaborate systems of proteins that enable them to respond to signals that are (1) self-generated, (2) derived from other immunocytes, (3) conveyed by the neuroendocrine and ANSs, or (4) generated in response to foreign substances in their microenvironment. Neuroimmune signaling is a dynamic and interactive process, the understanding of which requires integrative investigation of neurotransmitter, hormonal, and cytokine influences on multiple target cells. It is clear even at this stage in studying neural-immune signaling TNT-Tunneling Nanotubes (1) there is extensive cross-talk between the nervous and ISs, (2) neurotransmitters and endocrine signals can profoundly alter immune function, (3) cytokines can profoundly influence nervous system function under normal conditions and in states of pathology, and (4) neural and immune mediators share common intercellular signaling pathways (Lorton et al., 2001).
A systematic review of emerging technologies to enhance the treatment of ovarian cancer
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Samaneh Sepahi, Lily Kiaei, Mahmoud Kiaei, Adel Ghorani-Azam
Cell carriers or cell-mediated drug delivery is a novel and biocompatible method of drug delivery. These approaches have shown to migrate the drug towards the site of tumors. In this method of delivery, the therapeutic drug loaded with NPs is encapsulated into the cells and can be selectively delivered to the tumor site, with no evidence of toxic effects to normal tissue (Tiet et al. 2019). M1 macrophages as intrinsic phagocytic cells have shown the potential to transfer chemotherapy drugs into tumor cells, via a tunneling nanotube pathway. Macrophages-mediated drug delivery has been shown to improve cytotoxic potential against ovarian carcinoma cells, as it can effectively penetrate deep into the neoplastic lesions, enabling drug delivery to the target site and inhibition of tumor growth and that is shown to increase the survival by more than 2 fold (55 vs. 28 d) (Fujiwara et al. 2011; Guo et al. 2019). We included a table that summarizes the data for lipid- and cell-based deliveries (Table 2).
Advances in stem cell therapy for cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Leire Iturriaga, Raquel Hernáez-Moya, Itsasne Erezuma, Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz, Gorka Orive
MSCs also release EVs that could become mediators of the paracrine action in regenerative medicine. Some of these EVs display important immunosuppressive role in T-cell and B-lymphocytes populations, and can also inhibit the inflammatory functions of monocytes and macrophages [44]. Exosomes derived from MSC are enriched in microRNAs and mRNAs. In a model of kidney injury, most of the microRNAs derived from Wharton´s jelly derived MSCs have the capacity of inhibiting the expression of CX3CL1, a potent macrophage chemoattractant located in the endothelial cell surface. In this way, they suppress the accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages in the kidney [42]. An interesting way of communication among T cells and MSCs is carried out by developing tunneling nanotubes of communication derived from the T cells that would pass this type of vesicles [45]. Moreover, the EVs can also exert tissue regenerative activity by being highly pro-angiogenic, antiapoptotic, and anti-fibrotic [44]. Recently, it has been proposed that given the evidences of the therapeutic properties of EV, in the treatment of OA, the use of EV could suppress the function of the MSC by themselves [46]. Recently, in an osteoarthritic rat model, synovial MSCs were modified to overexpress miR-140-5p, which regulates the cartilage homeostasis and development. The improved EV led to a significant inhibition of cartilage regeneration [47].
The intercellular communications mediating radiation-induced bystander effects and their relevance to environmental, occupational, and therapeutic exposures
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Manuela Buonanno, Géraldine Gonon, Badri N. Pandey, Edouard I. Azzam
Tunneling nanotubes (also referred to as tumor microtubules in tumors) are intercellular bridges that form in vitro and in vivo. TNTs act as conduits with variable diameter (∼50–800 nm) connecting cells situated up to 300 µm apart. They enable the bidirectional transfer of proteins, RNAs, organelles, pathogens, etc. (Rustom et al. 2004). They are formed during normal developmental processes in immune cells, are present among tumor cells, and between tumor and immune cells residing in their micro-environment (Patheja et al. 2015; Patheja and Sahu 2017). They have been reported to cause chemo-resistance and promote metastasis of cancer cells (reviewed in Ariazi et al. 2017). Interestingly, TNTs possess gap junctional components (e.g. Cx43) and enable the transfer of electrical signals between remote cells in a manner dependent on the presence of connexons interposed at the membrane interface between TNT and the connected cell (Wang et al. 2010), which leads to speculate that these two intercellular communication systems have evolved to complement each other in multicellular organisms. Even though numerous publications have described the role of TNTs in cancer and normal cells, only one recent study reports about their effect in the response to irradiation. In this study, faster and greater TNT network formation was observed in α particle-irradiated human glioblastoma cells (Matejka and Reindl 2020). Since TNTs provide an efficient conduit for the transfer of molecules/organelles among distant cells, investigating their role in communication of RIBE would further enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and range of propagation of the effect.