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Turn It Off – Relaxation Training
Published in Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck, Reclaim Your Life From IBS, 2022
Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck
The good news is that you can actually learn to turn on the parasympathetic nervous system consciously and intentionally. The parasympathetic nervous system is the one that allows for resting and digesting in peace. It’s the opposite of sympathetic activation (fight or flight or freeze) which is the body’s response to stress. So, turning on the parasympathetic nervous system is equivalent to turning off the sympathetic nervous system. The behavioral exercises that follow are designed to reduce the physical impact of stress on your body and your GI system. When practiced regularly and used effectively, they can actually reduce the severity of GI symptoms. But keep in mind that this program is not like a pill or medicine you take in the short term. This is a training program designed to teach you a set of skills you can use for the rest of your life to manage stress effectively. If you don’t practice these, they definitely won’t do you any good.
Behavioral and Convulsive Effects of Cocaine Metabolites: Mechanisms and Implications
Published in Richard J. Konkol, George D. Olsen, Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, 2020
Richard J. Konkol, Guy Schuelke
Our group has continued this work with adult and juvenile animals and extended the observations of metabolite effects. The predominant metabolite-related behavioral effects fell into two categories. One consisted of motor activation with myoclonus and tonus following administration of cocaine, BE, NBE, and NC. The other result was characterized by the induction of predominantly sedentary/inhibitory effects observed with EC and EME. After EC and EME animals became quiet, ceased spontaneously moving, and acted as if asleep. When touched they reacted appropriately and then quieted again. The relative dose-response effect of the behavioral activity produced by cocaine and five of its metabolites shows a dose-related order: NBE > BE > C = NC > EC > EME. In the adult, BE and NBE metabolites caused dramatic and dose-related prolonged, well-organized running, bouncing, and vocalization. Signs of sympathetic activation such as pupillary dilation and piloerection accompanied the motor activation. In rats 2 weeks or less in age a more poorly organized nonrhythmic continuous paddling response emerged.
Noninvasive ventilation during exercise training
Published in Claudio F. Donner, Nicolino Ambrosino, Roger S. Goldstein, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2020
Nicolino Ambrosino, Lara Pisani
Assisted ventilation may also reduce some of the inflammatory factors associated with exercise and muscle wasting in patients with COPD as well as in healthy people (34,35). It may also reduce sympathetic activation during exercise with positive effects on the cardiovascular system as well as on muscle function (36). Table 45.1 summarizes the reported mechanisms of NIV during exercise.
Often Undiagnosed but Treatable: Case Vignettes and Clinical Considerations for Assessing Anxiety Disorders in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability
Published in Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2022
Breanna Winder-Patel, Megan E. Tudor, Connor M. Kerns, Konnor Davis, Christine Wu Nordahl, David G. Amaral, Marjorie Solomon
When attempting to diagnose anxiety in autistic individuals with ID, it can be useful to consider the Defense Cascade or the 6 Fs: Freeze, Flight, Fight, Fright, Flag, and Faint (Lang et al., 2016; Schauer & Elbert, 2010) as a theoretical model applicable to understanding and behaviorally observing anxiety and fear. This model suggests that Freeze is an orienting response for the person to stop and attend to the concern of threat. Flight and Fight are “uproar reactions” and particularly regulated by sympathetic activation while this arousal reaches its height at Fright (intense fear combined with tonic immobility), followed by a “shut down” or parasympathetic activation with Flag and Faint. Flight, Fight, and Freeze, the three most commonly discussed behavioral variations of the Defense Cascade, are often observable, but can be confused with other behaviors typically seen in children with ASD and ID (Bradley et al., 2014). Fright can be observed as well when a child is in intense fear and appears as though they can’t move. Flag and Faint reactions may also be highly informative when present; however, fainting is a severe, but less common symptom and flag reactions or signs of fatigue may be difficult to associate with anxiety, particularly in children.
Renal sympathetic denervation lowers systemic vascular resistance in true treatment-resistant hypertension
Published in Blood Pressure, 2021
Kaja K. Bergo, Anne C. Larstorp, Pavel Hoffmann, Ulla Hjørnholm, Alessandro Cataliotti, Aud Høieggen, Morten Rostrup, Fadl Elmula M. Fadl Elmula
The change in SVRI between baseline and 6 months was not significant in either group. At baseline, impedance cardiography is an unfamiliar procedure for most patients, and the information that the procedure involves trans-thoracic transfer of a low magnitude electrical current (although unnoticeable) could trigger nervousness and a fight-flight response. A fight-flight response with elevated sympathetic activation leads to increased heart rate and skeletal muscle vasodilation as seen in both groups at baseline [28]. At the three months follow-up the patients are more familiar with the procedure, and SVRI and heart rate are returned to their general hypertensive pathophysiological state with higher SVRI level and lower heart rate compared to baseline. From three to six months follow-up, the treatments in both groups can explain the subsequent reduction in SVRI, and a reflex increase in heart rate.
Orthostatic change in systolic blood pressure associated with cold pressor reflection and heart rate variability in the elderly
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2020
Yuanli Dong, Yi Cui, Hua Zhang, Zhendong Liu, Juan Wang
The cardiovascular regulation was also influenced by circulating humoral. Norepinephrine is the primary postganglionic neurotransmitter of most vascular sympathetic nerves to regulate arterial pressure. As an index of sympathetic nervous systems activity, the value of measuring norepinephrine plasma concentrations has been recognized (38,39). In our study, the plasma concentration of norepinephrine in the higher tertile group was obviously higher compared with the lower tertile group. We also detected the plasma concentrations of epinephrine and angiotensin II and found that the level of angiotensin II was positively and independently associated with the percentage change of supine-to-orthostatic systolic BP. Although there were significant differences in the level of epinephrine among three groups, we did not found the statistical correlation of the level of epinephrine with the percentage change of supine-to-orthostatic systolic BP. It may be caused by the small sample in the study and/or the different mechanisms between epinephrine and angiotensin II regulating arterial pressure (40). This finding additional verified that high sensitivity sympathetic activation associated with the variability of supine-to-orthostatic BP.