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Cardiovascular system
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
PericardiumFibrous pericardium – attached to sternum ant. by sternopericardial ligamentsSerous pericardium – (parietal layer) in contact with fibrous pericardium– (visceral layer) in contact with heart
Test Paper 1
Published in Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike, Get Through, 2017
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike
The fibrous pericardium is anchored to the diaphragm by the pericardiophrenic ligament and the central tendons; the sternopericardial ligaments provide anterior attachment. The outer layer of the pericardium extends to and fuses with the root of the aorta, the right and left pulmonary arteries, the superior vena cava and the pulmonary veins. The visceral pericardium reflects from the heart along the great vessels onto the parietal pericardium. Pericardial extensions, recesses, or sinuses are formed at these reflections.
Paper 5 Answers
Published in James Day, Amy Thomson, Tamsin McAllister, Nawal Bahal, Get Through, 2014
James Day, Amy Thomson, Tamsin McAllister, Nawal Bahal
The anterior mediastinum, between the sternum and pericardium, contains sternopericardial ligaments, lymph nodes and thymic remains. The middle mediastinum contains the pericardium, heart, roots of the great blood vessels, trachea, phrenic nerves and lymph nodes.
Pericardial Anatomy, Interventions and Therapeutics: A Contemporary Review
Published in Structural Heart, 2021
Reza Reyaldeen, Nicholas Chan, Saberio Lo Presti, Agostina Fava, Chris Anthony, E. Rene Rodriguez, Carmela D. Tan, Walid Saliba, Paul C Cremer, Allan L. Klein
The pericardium is a dual-layered flask-shaped fibroserous sac enveloping the heart and proximal great vessels with a potential space created by the parietal and visceral layers (Figure 1). The outer fibrous layer is contiguous with the great vessels superiorly and the diaphragm inferiorly. Anteriorly, the pericardium is related to the sternum by the sternopericardial ligaments. Laterally, the pericardium is associated with the parietal pleura, and posteriorly it remains in proximity to the bronchi, esophagus and descending thoracic aorta.1These central attachments help to maintain the heart’s position within the thorax. The fibrous pericardium is the tough outermost layer of connective tissue adjoining adjacent intrathoracic structures and defining the boundaries of the middle mediastinum, while the serous pericardium is thin and consists of the parietal and visceral (also known as the epicardium) layers. The parietal serosal component forms the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium, while the epicardium directly adheres to and encases the heart. Between the visceral pericardium and the myocardium are variable amounts of fat, which is most prominent along the atrioventricular and interventricular grooves, and acute angle of the right ventricle.1Importantly, the visceral fat contains coronary vasculature, lymphatics and nerves. The serosal layers create a narrow space between them called the pericardial cavity, which contains a small amount of serous lubricating fluid that permits the relatively uninhibited movement of the heart.2,3 Typically, this space may be occupied by up to 50 mL of fluid and variable amounts of epi/pericardial fat.4