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Stars Are Born
Published in R. Annie Gough, Injury Illustrated, 2020
Another endearing memory of Dr. Barrett was not in the neuroanatomy lab over brains and spinal cords, but in the gross anatomy lab. Dr. Barrett assisted all the anatomists with various dissections. The standard anatomical position (AP) for a human is the base position on which all other positions, movements, and directions are named. The AP pose is standing, facing forward, with the arms at the sides and the palms facing forward. This position is the foundation for all terms such as ventral, dorsal, abduction, adduction, superior, inferior, proximal, distal, etc. The cadavers were typically in AP position, lying on their backs. Their hands rotated open or closed, supinated or pronated, to study the flexors or extensors respectively. The cadavers were always treated with the utmost respect. Faces and genitalia were draped when not part of the day's study.
Discussions (D)
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
For the study of anatomy, unambiguous terms to designate various directions relative to a standard anatomical position are essential. In human anatomy, some confusion can arise because either of two standard anatomical positions can be used by an author—the standard human position, which is bipedal, or the standard vertebrate position, which is quadrupedal (see Fig. 4A, B1).
Body form and function
Published in David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings, McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings
To describe how structures lie in relation to one another, an agreed standard position of the body, the anatomical position (Fig.1.1), is used. This is where the body is standing upright with the feet together, the head and eyes facing forwards and the arms straight at the sides with the palms of the hands facing forwards. It does not matter whether you are standing up, lying down or standing on your head - the terms are always used to refer to this standard anatomical position.
Influence of load knowledge on lifting biomechanics
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Junshi Liu, Xingda Qu, Yipeng Liu
As symmetric lifting was simulated in the present study, dependent variables accounting for lifting biomechanics were defined in the sagittal plane only. These variables were joint angles (i.e., elbow, shoulder, spine, hip, knee and ankle) at the starting and ending body postures, peak joint angular accelerations of the elbow, shoulder, spine, hip, knee and ankle, and peak lower back force and moment. Body posture is a well-recognized risk factor for LBD, and the starting and ending body postures of lifting can reflect exposures to lower back load [18]. Joint angular acceleration measures were selected as they account for lifting motion patterns and provide insights into the kinematic causes for lower back load [19]. Lower back force and moment measured at the L5–S1 joint directly reflect lower back load and are major biomechanical indicators of LBD risk in a lifting task [20]. The standard anatomical position was considered as the reference posture (i.e., examined joint angles = 0°), and positive joint angles were defined with shoulder flexion, ankle dorsiflexion and flexions of the elbow, spine, hip and knee [19]. Lower back force and moment measures were provided by the S-model. Based on the Full-body Plug-in Gait model, the S-model was developed by inverse dynamics algorithms and used ground reaction forces collected from the force plates and body kinematics collected from the motion capture system as the inputs to calculate external force and moment at the lower back [21].
Analysis of the relationship between hip joint flexion/extension and torques in the mark III space suit using a computational dynamics model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Patrick McKeen, Conor Cullinane, Richard Rhodes, Leia Stirling
Second, the MKIII HBA has a pivot point at the rolling convolute joint (in addition to its rotation around the leg), at the distal end of the HBA. When operating the suit, the pivot feature provides 7 degrees of adduction and abduction. While the rotation of the rolling convolute was modelled, the pivot point was not represented in the current computational model as it was believed that other boundary conditions, such as the geometric constraint at the boot, restricted this degree of freedom. While these conditions limit motion perpendicular to the sagittal plane (which could limit abduction and adduction), there could still have been motion at the pivot during the experimental trial. The axis of this adduction/abduction pivot changes as bearings rotate when moving from the standard anatomical position to a highly flexed or extended hip angle. Therefore, there may be some unknown effect of that adduction/abduction pivot feature during the experimental analysis that does not manifest during the computational analysis.
Blood pressure-related electrocardiographic findings in healthy young individuals
Published in Blood Pressure, 2020
Gerardus J. Hassing, Hein E. C. van der Wall, Gerard J. P. van Westen, Michiel J. B. Kemme, Ahmet Adiyaman, Arif Elvan, Jacobus Burggraaf, Pim Gal
The 12-lead ECGs were recorded with the volunteer in the supine position and after a five minute resting period. The twelve-lead ECGs were recorded using an electrocardiograph (Marquette 800/5500/2000 or Dash 3000; General Electric Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA) and 12 disposable electrodes placed in the standard anatomical position. The ECG data were then uploaded into the ECG warehouse (Muse Cardiology Data Management System v7, General Electric Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA). The Marquette Cubic Spline filter and Finite Residual Filter were used for artefact and noise management. The ECG warehouse automatically assesses interval and amplitude data from the digital ECGs with the Marquette 12SL algorithm, which provides a variety of ECG measurements which have been used in previous studies [27,28]. Independent evaluation showed that the Marquette 12SL algorithm passed all of the amplitude measurement requirements (maximum of 10 ms deviation) as defined in International Electrotechnical Commission, as described in the GE Physician’s Guide (version 2036070-006). In addition to the algorithm, a physician reviewed all ECGs for quality, legibility, and abnormalities. Description, methods of determination and calculation, and units of the ECG parameters are described in Table 1.