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Consciousness, EEG, Sleep and Emotions
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The functions of the limbic system can be summarised as follows: Hippocampus is concerned with memory acquisition and recall, formation of long-term memory and behaviour. Lesions of the hippocampus lead to anterograde amnesia, and it is thought that the hippocampus is involved in the transformation from short-term to long-term memory.Amygdaloid nuclei are linked with emotional content of stimuli, fear and rage behaviour anxiety.Septal nuclei are associated with pleasure and reward.Cingulate gyrus is involved in the evaluation of the affective aspects of events.
Interaction of Drugs of Dependence With Receptors
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
Two additional anatomical sites for actions of amphetamine, the midbrain reticular formation and medial septal nucleus were proposed by Izquierdo and Izquierdo.42 They showed the former to be involved with the alerting or arousal EEG, while the hippocampus showed increased RNA concentrations due to stimulation of the medial septal nucleus. These deep brain center effects are also found after nicotine. Thus, it is apparent that discrete regional effects by this class of compounds greatly complicate description of receptor interactions.
Neurological Examination
Published in Walter J. Hendelman, Peter Humphreys, Christopher R. Skinner, The Integrated Nervous System, 2017
Walter J. Hendelman, Peter Humphreys, Christopher R. Skinner
The areas of the brain associated with these emotional reactions are located for the most part in the temporal lobe. The relevant structures include the amygdala as well as other nuclei, and the cortex of the insula. Parts of the frontal lobe are also involved in emotional reactions, mostly the ventromedial aspects (in particular, the cingulate gyrus) and the orbital portion (sitting above the orbits; see Chapter 13). These brain structures are collectively called the limbic system and are considered in more depth in Chapter 13 (see Figure 13.5). Some limbic system components such as the septal nuclei and the nucleus accumbens (beneath the anterior corpus callosum and caudate head, respectively – see Chapter 13) are also involved in behaviour associated with rewards and punishment.
Effect of rosuvastatin on spatial learning, memory, and anxiety-like behaviour in ovariectomized rats
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Selda Emre-Aydingoz, Karl Michael Lux, Oguzhan Ekin Efe, Deniz Ilhan Topcu, Saban Remzi Erdem
Prevention of Ovx-induced anxiety-like behaviour by Ros treatment is one of the remarkable findings of our study. In a very recent study, Saad et al. (2022) showed the beneficial effect of Ros on learning and memory in ovariectomized rats, but its effect on anxiety has not been reported so far. The mechanism by which the beneficial effect of Ros on anxiety-like behaviours occurs was not evaluated in our study. Considering the studies examining the neurobiological origin of anxiety-like behaviours in ovariectomized animals, it is possible that Ros exerts its effect on cognitive dysfunction and on anxiety through different pathways. Anxiety-like behaviours in ovariectomized rats have been linked to various mechanisms such as lower Fos immunoreactivity in the lateral septal nucleus (Puga-Olguín et al. 2019), 5-HT1A receptor up-regulation (Picazo et al. 2006), and neuroanatomical modifications in the raphe nucleus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex (Rodríguez-Landa 2022). Ros may interact with these or other anxiety-related mechanisms. Further studies are needed to explore the molecular effects of Ros on neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes in surgical menopause and association of these effects with reduced concentrations of ovarian hormones.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in post-traumatic stress disorder and cocaine use disorder
Published in Stress, 2020
Natalie A. Hadad, Marek Schwendt, Lori A. Knackstedt
CORT exerts its actions primarily via its two receptors: mineralocorticoid (MR, also known as Type I) and glucocorticoid (GR, also known as Type II). MR is found throughout the limbic system, especially in the hippocampus, whereas GR, although ubiquitous in the brain, is most abundant in hypothalamic CRH neurons and pituitary corticotroph cells (de Kloet et al., 1998; Reul & de Kloet, 1985). There is evidence of MR and GR co-expression in the hippocampus, amygdala, dentate gyrus, lateral septal nuclei, and some portions of the cortex (de Kloet et al., 2005). CORT has a 6- to 10-fold higher affinity to MR than GR (Reul & de Kloet, 1985). As such, approximately 90% of MR are occupied at basal levels of CORT (de Kloet et al., 1999; Reul & de Kloet, 1985). MR regulates basal CORT secretion across the circadiam rhythm and is implicated in the appraisal of, and the intitial response to, stress (de Kloet et al., 1998, 1999, 2005; Herman et al., 2012). In contrast to MR, GR are only occupied after exposure to stress, or at the diurnal peak (de Kloet et al., 1999; Reul & de Kloet, 1985). Stimulation of GR mobilizes energy resources, promotes the synthesis of newly learned information, and mediates the termination of the HPA axis via negative feedback (de Kloet et al., 1998, 1999, 2005; Herman et al., 2012). As such, the MR-GR balance is vital to homeostasis (de Kloet et al., 1998).
Two Case Reports of Neuropsychological Functioning in Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis (CIPA)
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2020
Yanin Santoya-Montes, Karol Gutiérrez-Ruiz, Rodrigo Zequeira Cotes, Pedro Puentes Rozo
NGF-dependent neurons exist in various human brain regions including the basal forebrain (septal nuclei and substantia innominate), the striatum (body and tail of the caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and putamen) and the hypothalamus (Indo, 2014, 2018). Studies have indicated that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) and striatal cholinergic neurons are NGF-dependent (Cuello, Pentz, & Hall, 2019), and they provide the major cholinergic innervation to the hippocampus, amygdala, and neocortex (Indo, 2018; Mesulam, 2004). Cholinergic circuits are center stage for maintaining and focusing attention, and for normal executive and mnemonic functioning; hence, the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked (Ballinger, Ananth, Talmage, & Role, 2016). It is therefore conceivable that cognitive impairments and characteristic behaviors observed in patients with CIPA may be related to defects of BFCNs and other NGF-dependent neurons in the brain (Indo, 2014, 2018).