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Functional Neurology
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
To create movement at a joint, one muscle must contract and the opposing muscle must relax. If the antagonistic muscle contracts at the same time as the agonist, it opposes movement, making that movement slower, less powerful and less efficient. The faster the antagonist relaxes, the more effective movement becomes. Reciprocal inhibition (RI) is a short-loop spinal reflex designed to facilitate timely relaxation of antagonistic muscle during dynamic movement. As the agonist contracts, RI causes a reflex relaxation of the antagonist, supporting easy and efficient cyclic motion.
Control of Movement and Posture
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Because muscles can only pull and cannot push, motion in opposite directions at a given joint requires the action of two opposing sets of muscles, the agonists and the antagonists for the motion involved (Section 9.3.4). Thus, the agonists and the antagonists are alternately activated in the execution of rhythmic movements. In the simplest form of walking, for example, the hips are alternately flexed and extended by different sets of muscles, which are the agonists and antagonists for flexion or extension. Inhibition of antagonist muscles when the agonist muscles are activated is referred to as reciprocal inhibition (Section 11.2.2.2).
Psychology and Human Development EMIs
Published in Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju, Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Aversion.Covert sensitisation.Extinction.Flooding.Mowrer’s two-factor theory.Pavlov’s classical conditioning.Primary reinforcer.Reciprocal inhibition.Secondary reinforcer.Skinner’s operant conditioning.
Future projection therapy: Techniques and case examples
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2022
Joseph Tramontana, Anna Sharkey, Savannah Hays
Hunter and Eimer (2012) authored a book titled The Art of Hypnotic Age Regression Therapy: A Clinical Guide. There are many other references in the hypnosis literature regarding the value of age regression. While age regression is still extremely helpful, some of the early behavioral approaches (Wolpe, 1958; Wolpe & Lazarus, 1966), appear to focus more on what can change that might resolve the presenting problem. In fact, they used the term “Reciprocal Inhibition” to describe their form of systematic desensitization approach focused on teaching the patient to be relaxed while going through a hierarchy that approaches the goal response. That approach is not much different from the Future Projection approach to be described below yet facilitating the process through hypnosis appears quicker and more powerful.
Characteristics of the severely impaired hand in survivors of stroke with chronic impairments
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2022
Alexander J. Barry, Derek G. Kamper, Mary Ellen Stoykov, Kristen Triandafilou, Elliot Roth
Despite all of these manifestations of FDS hypertonicity being present in the stroke survivors, we observed a very low correlation, and no significant correlation, between the various phenomena. This may suggest different underlying causes for each. While the origins of spasticity have been debated,39–45 one conjecture is that the motoneurons have a higher resting electric potential,39 thereby reducing the stimulus needed to induce an action potential. While the elevated resting potential could play a role in the excessive coactivation occurring during voluntary activation, diminished reciprocal inhibition is also thought to contribute. Delayed termination of muscle activation, meanwhile, may arise from changes in monoamine levels that encourage neurons to enter a bistable state from which termination of excitation becomes more difficult.46 The lack of correlation suggests that these three phenomena may require independent tests to identify in a given individual with unique, targeted treatments to manage.
Aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of endometriosis: a systematic review about efficacy, safety and early clinical development
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2020
Simone Garzon, Antonio Simone Laganà, Fabio Barra, Jvan Casarin, Antonella Cromi, Ricciarda Raffaelli, Stefano Uccella, Massimo Franchi, Fabio Ghezzi, Simone Ferrero
Nuclear receptors, present in the cytosol in an unliganded state, enter the nucleus after binding to hormone ligands, which determines conformational changes, chaperone proteins dissociation, dimerization, and exposure of the two activating function sites. ER-α and ER-β mainly act as transcriptional factors regulating the expression of a specific subset of genes, which tend to be not redundant because of the different expression patterns and functions [41–43]. They have different roles mediated by different targeted genes, non-genomic pathways, affinity for specific estrogens, and tissue distribution of homodimers and heterodimers. These differences have regulatory functions, in which is involved a reciprocal inhibition [45]. The formation of homodimers and heterodimers is related to the expression level of the two isoforms; the heterodimer has a similar binding affinity to DNA as the ER-α homodimer, but a lower level of transcriptional activity [46].