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Upper Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
Wood (1867a) noted that this muscle was absent in 1 out of 36 cases (2.8%) and later noted that it was absent in 3 out of 36 cases (8.3%) (Wood 1868; Macalister 1875). In a study of 84 wrists, Stein (1951) found that extensor pollicis brevis was absent in 7% of wrists, and an accessory tendon of extensor pollicis brevis was present in 4% of wrists. Mori (1964) found that extensor pollicis brevis was absent in 2% of cases. It was fused with abductor pollicis longus in 10% of cases and extensor pollicis longus in 50% of cases. The insertion tendon was split in 10% of cases. The tendon inserted onto the proximal phalanx of digit one in 58.3% of cases, the distal phalanx in 21% of cases, and both phalanges of digit one in 20.8% of cases.
Introduction
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
The thumb–finger pinch is one of the more delicate movements of the thumb which needs a strong opposition, good webspace and intact neuromuscular function. Thumb tries to oppose to grip on the object by movements occurring at various levels. The first metacarpal adducts in the longitudinal plane of the palm and then pronate towards the item. The proximal phalanx flexes, pronates and radially deviates, and the distal phalanx flexes to a variable degree with pronation required to grip the object. An excellent first webspace, intact ligaments and musculotendinous coordination are essential to make this grip efficient. The termino–terminal pinch is used for small items, where the tip of the thumb opposes the touch of the pulp of the index finger (Figure 1.34(a)). This pinch is precisely the contact between the tips of two fingers whereas the other fingers flex to form a regular “O.”
Hands
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Proximal phalanx Intra-articular base of the PPSpiral/long oblique PPCondylar fracture PP
Findings in ancient Egyptian mummies from tomb KV64, Valley of the Kings, Luxor, with evidence of a rheumatic disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2023
LM Öhrström, R Seiler, S Bickel, F Rühli
Most probably post-mortem fractures of the proximal humerus are found on both sides; slightly anteromedially dislocated and rotated inwards on the right side, slightly laterally dislocated on the left side. An undislocated post-mortem fracture of the proximal phalanx of digit IV of the left hand can be observed. Discrete degenerative changes may be suspected in the proximal interphalangeal joint of digit I; however, this cannot be assessed with certainty from the available photographs or radiologically, and, furthermore, no significant degenerative changes or osteophyte formation on the left-hand skeleton can be delineated. Although the triangular fibrocartilage complex is not visible on conventional radiography, no significant calcifications are observable in this area. However, a narrowing of the radiocarpal joint space with slight sclerosis is seen on the left side, which may indicate a radiocarpal osteoarthritis, but alternatively may be only a post-mortem change. The distal right upper extremity and the right hand can only be assessed to a limited extent on the radiographs owing to superimpositions; however, post-mortem fractures with absence of bone fragments at the distal ulna and the hamatum can be delineated.
Merkel cell carcinoma in the hand. Report of two cases
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
Felipe Mesa, Marcela Cardona, Carolina Mesa, Rodrigo Restrepo, Juan Andrés Echeverri
With the presentation of these two cases of MCC in the second and fourth fingers of the proximal phalanx we find several data to discuss and difficult to conclude. In theory, the size of the tumor greater than 2 cm, male sex, age greater than 70 years, the histological patterns of small cells, lymphovascular invasion, can be a predictor of poor prognosis [6], but in this first patient the behavior and evolution of the disease was very mild, compared with the second case where the diameter of the tumor was only 1 cm with equally wide resection margins and no initial lymph node involvement with negative extension study examinations for the disease but perhaps without initial radiotherapy and with poor follow-up of the disease due to the patient’s non-participation in the medical consultation until the appearance of the mass in the elbow region, when the metastasis was found and the rapid evolution that led to death. With the findings found in the literature, it is also important to take into account the study of the quantification of MCPyV antibodies as a prognostic value.
Usefulness of measurement of proximal phalanx length by using ultrasonography in newborn infants
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Natsumi Yamaguchi, Toshiyuki Yasui, Takashi Kaji, Eishi Sogawa, Atsuko Yoshida, Naoto Yonetani, Minoru Irahara
Significant associations of proximal phalanx lengths in the left second and fourth fingers with body height were found in the present study. Ventura et al. (2013) reported that sexual dimorphism of the 2D:4D ratio was significant for the left hand but not for the right hand in newborn infants, suggesting that testosterone exposure before birth may affect left fingers. However, other studies showed a greater 2D:4D ratio for the right hand in individuals older than 2 years of age (Williams et al. 2000; Manning et al. 2007; Gobrogge et al. 2008). The results of a meta-analysis showed that the sex difference in 2D:4D in the right hand is larger than that in the left hand (Honekopp 2012). It has been reported that there were differences between males and females in the 2 D:4D ratios in both the left hand and right hand in newborns (Knickmeyer et al. 2011). Ventura et al. suggested that postnatal androgen exposure is influential for the accentuation of dimorphism and stabilisation of the 2 D:4D ratio in the right hand and that postnatal testosterone exposure appears to be a determinant for the ratio in the right hand observed later in life (Ventura et al. 2013).