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Anatomical Considerations to Improve Aesthetic Treatments Using Neuromodulators
Published in Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Optimizing Aesthetic Toxin Results, 2022
Nicholas Moellhoff, Sebastian Cotofana
The orbicularis oculi muscle is located strictly subdermal with contact to the bone and ligaments at the cranial aspect of the tear trough, the tear trough ligament, and the medial canthal ligament. The procerus and corrugator supercilii muscles each have distinct bony origins (Figure 11.2). The origin of the procerus muscle is located at the nasal bone at the root of the nose in the midline and the paramedian plane, and it inserts into the skin of the glabella at the level of the upper margin of the hairy eyebrow. The origin of the corrugator supercilii muscle is the supraciliary arch of the frontal bone in the paramedian plane. It inserts the skin in the middle third of the eyebrow. The frontalis muscle has no bony connection but is enveloped by two fasciae extending from the galea aponeurotica. While it extends over the forehead, its muscle fibers invest into the orbicularis oculi (in the lateral, middle, and medial third of the eyebrow), corrugator supercilii (in the middle third of the eyebrow), and procerus muscle (in the midline) at a horizontal level, corresponding to the upper margin of the hairy eyebrow (Figure 11.1).
Facial anatomy
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
The procerus muscle is a pyramid-shaped muscle which arises from fascia over the lower portion of the nasal bone and the lateral nasal cartilage. It inserts into the skin between the eyebrows with superior fibres, attaching to the inferior border of the frontalis muscle. As you may be able to infer from its location, the procerus muscle is involved with pulling the eyebrows down and together, thus allowing a person to scowl. As an aside, the procerus also has a secondary function in flaring the nostrils. See Figure 3.14.
Anatomy of the Forehead and Periocular Region
Published in Neil S. Sadick, Illustrated Manual of Injectable Fillers, 2020
Marcelo B. Antunes, Stephen A. Goldstein
The muscle function of the upper third of the face enables a person to emanate the emotions of surprise, pain, fear, anger, concern, or worry, among others. The eyebrow has several paired depressor muscles consisting of the corrugators, depressor supercilii, and the orbicularis oculi muscles. The frontal branch of the facial nerve innervates all these muscles. The procerus muscle, also an eyebrow depressor, lies in the midline between the frontalis muscles. The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervates the procerus (Figure 4.1).
Effects of Botulinum Toxin Injection on Reducing Myogenic Artifacts during Video-EEG Monitoring: A Longitudinal Study
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2022
Babak Ghelichnia, Pargol Balali, Ghasem Farahmand, Mahdi Shafiee Sabet, Somaye Feizi, Bahareh Pourghaz, Melika Jameie, Abbas Tafakhori
This prospective longitudinal study was conducted between May and September 2018 at an academic hospital complex affiliated with the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the university (IR.TUMS.IKHC.REC.1398.084). Procedural details were thoroughly explained to the patients, and all participants signed a written informed consent before enrollment. In the event of any side effects, including asymmetry or cosmetic concerns, the medical team would give appropriate therapy at no cost. All investigators adhered to the principles laid down by the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association 2013). A baseline EEG was obtained one week before the Dysport® (Galderma, Lausanne, CH) injection. After one week, participants were admitted to the hospital and underwent a Dysport® injection (day 0). A total of 200 units of Dysport® was injected into the frontal (25, 15, and 10 units in each frontalis, corrugator, and procerus muscle, respectively) and temporal (50 units in each temporalis muscle) regions. Then, on the third (day 3) and sixth days (day 6) after the injection, patients underwent vEEG again. All injections were performed bilaterally by a professional dermatologist. vEEGs were performed by an expert epileptologist.
Second intention healing of nasal ala and dorsum defects in Asians
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Wenyan Jin, Shan Jin, Zhouna Li, Zhehu Jin, Chenglong Jin
Maintaining the aesthetic subunits of the nose is an important factor to consider when repairing defects involving the nasal ala and dorsum. The nasal ala is a paired structural subunit of the nose that consists of three anatomically distinct layers: the external skin, the internal nasal lining, and the fibrofatty middle portion. Each layer is important in the reconstruction to integrate seamlessly with the nose, prevent scar contracture, and maintain nasal patency (10). The surface of each ala is separated from the nasal sidewalls by the alar groove. The ala is covered with thick, sebaceous skin that differs in color, texture, and mobility from the dorsum. The dorsum of the nose extends from the supratip depression to the glabella superiorly, where a transverse wrinkle perpendicular to the procerus muscle may mark its upper limit (11).
Lifting effect of onabotulinumtoxinA in patients treated for glabellar and crow’s feet rhytids
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2020
Nonetheless, the present analysis expands on previous findings in at least three important ways. First, a total of 100 patients were included, which is more than any of the earlier studies (some of which analyzed only a handful of individuals). Second, earlier studies were based primarily on assessment of eyebrow height and none measured visible STP height; thus, this appears to be the first demonstration of increased eyelid show with BoNTA. Third, the present study is the first specifically to assess the impact of combination treatment of the glabella and crow’s feet, both of which are licensed indications for onabotulinumtoxinA (19). There is a clear mechanistic rationale for expecting an additive lifting effect. The corrugator and procerus muscles in the glabella act as medial brow depressors, and orbicularis oculi performs a similar role laterally (9,13,15,20), and weakening these depressors with BoNTA thus facilitates the brow-elevating effects of the frontalis muscle.