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Head and neck
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
The Frankfurt plane (sometimes Frankfort, established at an Anthropology congress in that city in 1884) runs from the inferior margin of the orbit (orbitale) to the upper margin of the external ear meatus (EAM, porion), is regarded as the anatomical position of the human skull and is close to the horizontal plane of the head in the living subject.
Postnatal Growth of the Nasomaxillary Complex
Published in D. Dixon Andrew, A.N. Hoyte David, Ronning Olli, Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth, 2017
The frontonasal suture was selected for gross study because it is a site of rapid growth (Selman and Sarnat, 1955). A combination of gross anatomic and serial cephalometric radiographic methods with metallic implants, was used to determine the contribution of the frontonasal suture to the growth of the rabbit snout (Figure 9.5A). The rabbits ranged from 42 to 84 days of age at the beginning of the experiment. A special headholder was designed and constructed to obtain serial ventrodorsal cephalometric radiographs with the plane porion-interdentale oriented to the horizontal plane (Figure 9.6A, B). Radiographs were taken immediately on completion of the surgical procedure, and were repeated at 14-day intervals and again at death (Figure 9.6C, D, E). The postoperative survival period ranged from 7 to 84 days.
Skeletal-versus soft-tissue-based cephalometric analyses: is the correlation reproducible?
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2019
Oliver Ploder, Robert Köhnke, Heinz Winsauer, Carolin Götz, Oliver Bissinger, Bernhard Haller, Andreas Kolk
The images were saved as tiff-files and imported into imaging freeware (Image J, NIH, USA). The cephalograms were calibrated with the visible caliper by using the "set scale" tool of the program and were oriented by means of the visible radiopaque markers. On each cephalogram, a millimeter caliper was displayed to calibrate the images. The TVL was placed through the subnasale and was perpendicular to the horizontal plane as described in the literature [5]. Eleven skeletal and soft tissue landmarks (sella, nasion, porion, orbitale, subnasale, A, B, Pog, A′, B′, Pog′) were digitized and three lines (NSL, FH and TVL through subnasale) were traced (Figure 1). A series of 15 cephalograms were randomly selected and three repeated measurements (SNA, SNB, SNPog, A′, B′, Pog′) were performed at three different time points by one investigator to calculate the intra-observer error (Dahlberg error and intraclass correlation). For soft tissue measurements the definition of the landmark subnasale and the orientation of TVL were included (Figure 4(A,B)).
Measurement of Intra-Orbital Structures in Normal Chinese Adults Based on a Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
Published in Current Eye Research, 2018
Yongrong Ji, Changxin Lai, Lixu Gu, Xianqun Fan
Image analysis was processed with SIMMED software (Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China). A 3D image of the skull was reconstructed on the basis of original CT scan. A 3D coordinate system was to be established for the skull. First, Frankfort plane was established by manually identifying the bony landmarks (right porion, left porion, and left orbitale) on the 3D skull. The horizontal planes were set parallel to the Frankfort plane. Midsagittal reference plane was set perpendicular to horizontal planes and passing through facial midline landmarks (nasion and prechiasmatic groove). The prechiasmatic groove is a bony midline landmark very close to optic chiasm, so it was set as the origin of the 3D coordinate system and also the endpoint of optic nerve (Figure 1). The Coronal planes and the coordinate axes were then automatically reformatted since the horizontal planes, the sagittal planes, and the origin were fixed. The definitions of the anatomical landmarks, reference planes, coordinate axes, and morphological variables mentioned in this study are listed in Table 1. Each point in this 3D coordinate system had its x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis coordinates. All morphological variables were measured using software measuring tools (Figure 2).