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Neuroanatomical Basis
Published in Fuad Lechin, Bertha van der Dijs, Neurochemistry and Clinical Disorders: Circuitry of Some Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Syndromes, 2020
Fuad Lechin, Bertha van der Dijs, Jose Amat, Marcel Lechin
The most rostral nucleus of the ventrally located raphe chain is the nucleus linearis (B9 cell group) which is located in the mesencephalon. The nucleus centralis superioris or MR nucleus (B8 cell group) is caudal to the former and possesses a mesencephalic and a pontine part. MR nucleus is ventral to DR and is separated by the decussation of brachii conjunctivi. Caudally to MR are located the pontine nucleus raphe pontis oralis (RPO) and the pontine-medullary RMg nucleus. RPO + RMg constitute the B3 cell group. The medullary raphe obscurus (RO) = B2 and raphe pallidus (RP) = B1 cell groups are the most caudally located 5HT nuclei integrating the ventral 5HT chain (see Figures 11 and 12).
DTI of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Published in Andrei I. Holodny, Functional Neuroimaging, 2019
Sumei Wang, John H. Woo, Elias R. Melhem
The pathological hallmark of PD is the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons projecting from the substantia nigra in the midbrain to the neostriatum. In MSA, pontine nuclei and middle cerebellar peduncles are severely involved, while, in PSP, the dentate nuclei and their outflow tracts, the superior cerebellar peduncles, are extensively damaged.
Anatomy for neurotrauma
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
Vasudha Singhal, Sarabpreet Singh
The cerebellum is connected with the other parts of the nervous system by three paired cerebellar peduncles—superior, middle, and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle carries efferent fibers to the upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex via thalamic nuclei. The middle cerebellar peduncle receives its input from the pontine nuclei via transverse pontine fibers. The inferior cerebellar peduncle receives afferent fibers from the vestibular nuclei, tegmentum, and the spinal cord.
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements as a Biomarker for Mild Concussion within 7-Days of Injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Melissa Hunfalvay, Nicholas P. Murray, Revathy Mani, Frederick Robert Carrick
Smooth pursuits can be further understood by considering the difference between HSP, VSP and CSP pathways. In HSPs, the signal originates in the M ganglion cells in the retina (23). From there, signals are relayed to the striate cortex (V1 area) and then to the V2, V3 and mid temporal (MT) areas. From the MT areas, the signal travels to the medial superior temporal (MST) and the frontal and posterior parietal cortex’s. The MT, MST and frontal eye field all share projections to the dorsolateral pontine nuclei (DLPN), which propagates the signal along a double decussation pathway before the contralateral medial rectus is innervated. Parallel to this, the nucleus of the optic tract receives projections from the MT and MST areas and sends them to the DLPN, a process which is specific to HSPs.
What is the potential of neurostimulation in the treatment of motor symptoms in schizophrenia?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Stephanie Lefebvre, Anastasia Pavlidou, Sebastian Walther
The human motor system is organized in different parallel circuits, three of which have been strongly associated with psychosis; the basal-ganglia circuit, the cerebello-thalamo-motor circuit and the cortico-motor circuit [5,26]. The basal-ganglia circuit is involved in the inhibition and excitation of movements and encompasses connections from the primary motor cortex (M1), to the putamen, internal and external pallidum, thalamus and back to M1. The cerebello-thalamo-motor circuit, is involved in motor timing and sensorimotor dynamics and comprises connections between M1, thalamus, cerebellum, and pontine nuclei. Finally, the cortico-motor circuit has been suggested to be involved in motor organization and speed and consists of connections between M1, supplementary motor area (SMA), the posterior and ventral cingulate cortex, posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) [5,26]. Patients with schizophrenia are reported to have functional and structural alterations within the aforementioned circuits across various motor tasks.
Does rhythmic auditory stimulation compared to no rhythmic auditory stimulation improve patient’s static and dynamic standing balance post stroke?
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2019
Kathryn Pfeiffer, Jacob Clements, McKayla Smith, Matthew Gregoire, Christopher Conti
Rhythmic auditory stimulation activates auditory timing using auditory stimulation such as a metronome or music [5]. Research has found connections within the human brain called audio-motor pathways; a motor response is activated when audio-motor pathways are stimulated through music and sounds [6]. These connections have also been found within the cerebellum, from the pontine nucleus [6]. This stimulation affects the motor system and attempts to arouse the sensory and motor systems together [5]. RAS uses external auditory cueing in attempts to create movement that is rhythmical [5]. There is extensive research on RAS and its impact on gait, however there is limited research on how RAS effects static and dynamic balance in populations of acute, subacute, and in populations of stroke patients that have sustained their impairments two years or less.