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The Urinary System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The organs that remove dissolved waste products from the blood are the two kidneys. The kidneys are located on each side of the spinal column high on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum. Despite this retroperitoneal ("behind the peritoneum") location, the kidneys are actually covered by the renal fascia, extraperitoneal connective tissue attached to the abdominal wall. Many terms related to the kidneys incorporate the terms renal (or its combining form reni-) or nephri (or its combining forms nephr- or nephro-), which are derived from the Latin and Greek words for kidney, respectively. The term fascia is from the Latin for "band" and is often applied to any band of connective tissue that covers an anatomic structure. Thus, the renal fascia is connective tissue that covers the kidneys. Within the renal fascia and providing a protective cushion for the organ is a large collection of adipose tissue called the perirenal fat, so named because it is around (peri- = around) each kidney.
Fat Cells in Leanness, Growth Retardation, and Adipose Tissue Distrophic Syndromes
Published in Fernand P. Bonnet, Adipose Tissue in Childhood, 2019
Fernand P. Bonnet, D. Rocour-Brumioul
Congenital generalized lipipodistrophy is a similar condition. It affects equally both sexes; this form appears to be autosomal recessive.33,34 In a 5-week-old infant, subscapular s.c. tissue was free of any fat cell. Perirenal fat tissue was sampled during kidney surgery 5 years later. Perirenal fat cell size was normal while adipocytes were still absent in the subscapular area. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism except for hypertriglyceridemia, was normal; the fatty acid composition of the perirenal fat cells was similar to that observed in normal age-matched controls.3
Fat Distribution and Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Danae A. Delivanis, Michael D. Jensen
Upper-body abdominal adipose tissue is anatomically divided by the fascia superficialis (Scarpa’s fascia) into superficial and deep subcutaneous abdominal fat.23 Visceral intra-abdominal fat includes omental and mesenteric fat depots, which drain into the portal vein and thus can have a disproportionate impact on liver metabolism.24 Visceral fat comprises the minor component of total body fat, and represents approximately 10% and 5% of total body fat in normal-weight men and women, respectively. Although perirenal fat is also anatomically located intra-abdominally, it is not typically characterized as visceral fat because its venous drainage is into the inferior vena cava. Deep subcutaneous fat and visceral abdominal fat are better correlated with the metabolic sequelae of obesity.3
High perirenal fat thickness predicts a greater risk of recurrence in Chinese patients with unilateral nephrolithiasis
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Haichao Huang, Shi Chen, Wenzhao Zhang, Tao Wang, Peide Bai, Jinchun Xing, Huiqiang Wang, Bin Chen
Previous studies had reported a link between RSD and a number of health issues, including diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and metabolic syndrome (MS) [20]. Moreover, perirenal fat tissue, as a metabolically active endocrine organ, has been reported to be associated with many types of aforementioned chronic diseases. In a cohort of 42 overweight and obese patients, De Pergola et al. demonstrated a positive independent association between perirenal ultrasonographic fat thickness and mean 24-h diastolic blood pressure levels [6]. Most recently, Ricci et al. observed a similar correlation between perirenal ultrasonographic fat thickness and hypertension in a larger cohort of morbidly obese patients [7]. Roever et al. in a cross-sectional study with 101 volunteers, reported that perirenal ultrasonographic fat thickness was significantly associated with the levels of fasting plasma glucose and metabolic syndrome in men, and with the levels of fasting plasma glucose in women [8]. Fang et al. reported a study aiming to evaluate the relationship between perirenal ultrasonographic fat thickness and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a cohort of 171 patients with type 2 diabetes, in which they observed that patients with higher PFT had lower eGFR [9]. Thus, we hypothesized that perirenal fat accumulation may be a better surrogate of obesity than BMI in predicting the risk of renal stone formation and recurrence.
Species-dependent impact of immunosuppressive squalene-gusperimus nanoparticles and adipose-derived stem cells on isolated human and rat pancreatic islets
Published in Islets, 2022
Carlos E. Navarro Chica, Tian Qin, Erika Pinheiro-Machado, Bart J. de Haan, M.M. Faas, Alexandra M. Smink, Ligia Sierra, Betty L. López, Paul de Vos
Human perirenal fat was obtained from surgical waste material of healthy kidney donors. For this purpose, no informed consent is required according to guidelines approved by University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG). Rat perirenal fat was isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats. Perirenal fat tissue was transferred to a petri dish and 2 mL of Hank’s balanced salt solution buffer (HBSS) was added. After cutting the tissue into small pieces, it was transferred to a 50 mL conical tube with 10 mL of HBSS and centrifuged at 500 ×g for 5 minutes at room temperature. Subsequently, HBSS solution was removed, washed again with additional 10 mL of HBSS, centrifuged at 500 ×g for 5 minutes at room temperature, and HBSS solution removed. Then, 0.5 mg/mL collagenase NB4 solution in DMEM supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin was added to the fat and incubated for 30 minutes in a water bath at 37°C under shaking. Next, the mixture was vortexed and to stop digestion we added 20 mL of DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, and 1% glutamine. The tube was centrifuged at 700 ×g for 7 minutes at room temperature, and the content washed again with 20 mL DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, and 1% glutamine. Finally, cells were centrifuged at 700 ×g for 7 minutes at room temperature, fat and medium were removed, and ASCs in the pellet were transferred to a culture flask and cultured as indicated in cell culture section until use. The passage number of ASCs used in the experiments was 1–6. ASCs were seeded 24 h before starting the experiments.
Hot topics in renal cancer pathology: implications for clinical management
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2022
Alessia Cimadamore, Anna Caliò, Laura Marandino, Stefano Marletta, Carmine Franzese, Luigi Schips, Daniele Amparore, Riccardo Bertolo, Stijn Muselaers, Selcuk Erdem, Alexandre Ingels, Nicola Pavan, Angela Pecoraro, Önder Kara, Eduard Roussel, Umberto Carbonara, Riccardo Campi, Michele Marchioni
Infiltration of the perinephric adipose tissue is considered under the same stage category of renal sinus invasion or renal vein invasion even though there are some evidence highlighting that the prognostic significance of these conditions may be not at the same level. A systematic review aimed to identify the differences in oncological outcomes for patients with different pT3a renal tumor invasion patterns evidenced that the combination of sinus fat invasion and perinephric fat invasion was associated with inferior cancer specific survival compared to sinus invasion alone [42]. Presence of renal vein invasion was significantly associated with worse CSS compared to any of the fat invasion patterns. Thus, the identification of multiple invasion patterns is associated with increased risk of death due to RCC and their presence should be described in pathological reports. Evaluation of perirenal fat infiltration can be challenging in some cases due to the frequent presence of secondary nodules that bulges from the main mass. The presence of a round border between the tumor and the adipose tissue or a compressed rim of normal renal parenchyma is against the tumor fat invasion, while the presence of jagged contours is highly suggestive for true infiltration (Figure 5).