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Cardiorespiratory system
Published in Helen Butler, Neel Sharma, Tiago Villanueva, Student Success in Anatomy - SBAs and EMQs, 2022
33 The following statements are all correct with regard to the pericardium EXCEPT: The pericardium is located in the middle mediastinum.The pericardium has fibrous and serous layers.The pericardial sac encases the heart, which is surrounded bysmall volume (approximately 50 mL) of fluid.Pericardial sinuses exist between the pericardium and the surface of the heart.The heart sits within the pericardium in the superior mediastinum.
Pericardial Anatomy, Interventions and Therapeutics: A Contemporary Review
Published in Structural Heart, 2021
Reza Reyaldeen, Nicholas Chan, Saberio Lo Presti, Agostina Fava, Chris Anthony, E. Rene Rodriguez, Carmela D. Tan, Walid Saliba, Paul C Cremer, Allan L. Klein
The parietal pericardium becomes continuous with the visceral pericardium at the bases of the great vessels including the vena cava and the pulmonary veins. These pericardial reflections occur at two locations: superiorly, surrounding the aorta, and pulmonary trunk; and more posteriorly surrounding the veins – the superior and inferior vena cava as well as the pulmonary veins. This means that the anterior, apical and lateral surfaces of the ventricles are freely accessible.5 A passage between the two sites of reflected serous pericardium is the transverse pericardial sinus, which lies posterior to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk, anterior to the superior vena cava, and superior to the left atrium5 (Figure 2). The transverse sinus extends superiorly on the right side forming the superior aortic recess between the ascending aorta and superior vena cava1,5 (Figure 3). At the left superior aspect, is the ligament of Marshall and left atrial appendage at the entrance of the transverse sinus, relevant for epicardial-based appendage occlusion procedures. The zone of reflection surrounding the pulmonary veins is in the shape of an inverted ‘U’ and the cul-de-sac formed with the ‘U,’ posterior to the left atrium, is the oblique pericardial sinus, which is directly adjacent to the carina and esophagus posteriorly.1,5
Retrograde venography and three-dimensional mapping of a great cardiac vein with separate drainage into the high right atrium in a patient with Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2018
Keith Suarez, Javier E. Banchs, Judith P. Lazol, James N. Black
Cases reporting drainage of the GCV at a separate ostium in the right atrium are very limited, and these also describe an anatomical course similar to that of our patient.3,4 It first travels through the conus arteriosus and then the transverse pericardial sinus to finally reach the right atrium. In a similar manner, the GCV has also been found to drain into the superior vena cava.5,6 A review of 620 human heart specimens did not reveal abnormalities of the GCV drainage, indicating how difficult these can be to find.7 Another review of 337 human heart specimens only found one GCV draining into the superior vena cava.8