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Upper Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
Panniculus carnosus is a cutaneous muscle sheet arising from the pectoral muscle mass and covering various trunk regions (Smith et al. 2015). It is present in many mammals and derives from the pectoralis muscle of amphibians and reptiles (Diogo et al. 2018). Bergman et al. (1988) state that panniculus carnosus is represented only by vestigial remnants in humans, which may present as extra muscular slips in the pectoral region. These slips may have attachments to the abdominal aponeurosis, rectus sheath, serratus anterior fascia, axillary fascia, the fascia between coracobrachialis and pectoralis minor, the humerus, or the coracoid process (Bergman et al. 1988). Several muscles in adult humans are considered to be remnants of panniculus carnosus, including some craniofacial muscles, platysma, pectorodorsalis, sternalis, abdominal external oblique, palmaris brevis, and potentially several other striated muscles in the upper limb, pectoral region, and trunk (Naldaiz-Gastesi et al. 2018).
Fascial Anatomy
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
The superficial fascia is homologous to the cutaneous muscle layer (panniculus carnosus) found in other mammals. Indeed, even in the human, muscle fibers can be found in the superficial fascia, particularly in the neck (referred to as the platysma muscle), in the face (the superficial muscular aponeurotic system, or SMAS), in the anal region (external anal sphincter), and in the scrotum (the dartos fascia). Functionally, the superficial fascia can participate in the integrity of the skin and provide support for subcutaneous structures. Furthermore, within the superficial fascia, many nerve fibers can be observed. On bony prominences and at some ligamentous folds, the superficial fascia adheres to the deep fascia. In some regions, the superficial fascia splits, forming special compartments, particularly around major subcutaneous veins and lymphatic vessels, with fibrous septa that extend out to attach to vessel walls. For example, the main superficial veins reside within the superficial fascia that splits into two sublayers to envelop these veins. The adventitia of these veins is connected with the superficial fascia by thin ligaments, ensuring their patency and preventing displacement of veins during movement.
Surgical Anatomy of the Thyroid
Published in Madan Laxman Kapre, Thyroid Surgery, 2020
Ashutosh Mangalgiri, Deven Mahore
The platysma is classified under panniculus carnosus, a muscle present in the superficial fascia. The platysma is supplied by the cervical branch, one of the terminal branches of the facial nerve. The platysma of both sides runs upwards medially from the level of the second rib to the lower border of the mandible. Raise the flap in a sub-platysmal plane. The sub-platysmal plane is an avascular plane. We have to keep in mind that the platysma is absent in the midline, so we should identify it laterally (Figure 2.1).
Effect of dipyridamole on random pattern skin flap viability in rats
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2020
Ketamine HCl 50 mg/kg (Ketalar® 50 mg/mL Pfizer, Turkey) and Xylazine HCL 2% 10 mg/kg (Rompun® %2 25 ml Bayer, Germany) is used for anesthesia. Following the confirmation of surgical anesthesia depth, markings are made on the back of the subject which include scapulae and posterior iliac spine. A caudally based flap measuring 3 × 8 cm is planned (Figure 2). Incisions are made bilaterally and distally through skin and panniculus carnosus and deep muscle fascia is reached (Figure 3). Using sharp dissection, flap is elevated in the anatomically natural, avascular plane, including the panniculus carnosus in the flap (Figure 4). Following total elevation of flap except for its caudal base, bleeding vessels are cauterized, flap is returned to donor site and adapted with 3/0 cutting polyglactin continuous sutures (Figure 5).
Cutaneous adverse effects of methylene blue in an animal skin-flap model
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2020
Sertaç Ata Güler, Sertaç Kırnaz, Turgay Şimşek, Can İlker Demir, Abdullah Güneş, Tonguç İşken, Nuh Zafer Cantürk, Nihat Zafer Utkan
The rats were divided into three study groups. The first group (Group 1) had local intradermal injections of 2 mL of 1% MB (10 mg/mL, Monico SPA, Mestre, Italy) into the distal-cranial side of the skin flaps. The control group (Group 2) were injected with 2 mL of 0.9% saline in the same location. The rats of the systemic MB group (Group 3) were injected with 2 mL of 1% MB (10 mg/mL, Monico SPA, Mestre, Italy) intraperitoneally. Later, caudally based 3 × 9 cm dorsal, modified McFarlane skin flaps containing panniculus carnosus were elevated and incisions were extended to subjacent muscle fascias. These elevated flaps were sutured back to their original location with the interspaces of 0.75 cm by using 2.0 sharp silks. Over the next 7 days, each rat, housed in separate cages, was observed and all were fed with the same standard diet. At the end of seventh day, all surviving rats were sacrificed using ether anesthesia. All animals were photographed with a ruler in the same position to measure the viable area of each dorsal skin flap. The surviving areas of the flaps were calculated in square millimeters via computer (Acrobet Pro DC, Adobe, San Jose, CA) (Figure 1). Two biopsies were taken one from the base of the flaps, where incision lines ended, and the other from the verge of necrotic areas for each of the animals. All biopsies were evaluated histopathologically and the results, including inflammation and changes in vessels, were documented.
Impairment of wound healing by reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL®) in a Göttingen minipig® model
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Jessica M. Connolly, Robert S. Stevenson, Roy F. Railer, Offie E. Clark, Kimberly A. Whitten, Robyn B. Lee-Stubbs, Dana R. Anderson
Additionally, although rodent models are established in the area of wound-healing research, they possess several dermatological dissimilarities to humans. They are described as loose-skinned animals with a contractile wound healing phenotype partly due to the panniculus carnosus muscle that is not present in humans15–18. This produces rapid wound closure post injury which is dissimilar from the re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation that predominates in humans18. Additionally, rodents have a higher epidermal appendage density and non-similar hair follicles when compared to humans. Their skin thickness is disproportionate from humans and it is difficult to recreate a partial-thickness lesion15–18. The inherent differences in skin physiology and healing mechanisms of rodents warrant the use of a more anatomically and physiologically similar model to humans when assessing the effect of RSDL on superficial wound healing.