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Rhubarb
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Gan B. Bajracharya, Richa K. Gupta
The leaves are large, soft, orbicular or broadly ovate, toothed or lobed, obtuse apex, cordate base, entire margin, 5–7 nerved, papillose beneath subscaberulous. Leaves are in basal clumps with scary stipules and have a long fleshy petiole. The stem is stout, erect, glabrous, sulcate, branch and panicle leafy. There is a green and brown color streak. Flowers are small (~ 3.2 mm diameter), dark purple or pale red or greenish-white in color, grouped, pedicellate and axillary panicle inflorescence. Flowers are bisexual or polygamo-monoecious having 5 sepals and 6–9 stamens. Ovary comprises 2–4 angled rhomboid-obovoid ovaries. Stigma is dilated capitates, oblate, muricate or horse-shoe shaped. The nut is 2–4 winged, very much larger than the usually unchanged sepals. Fruits are ovoid-oblong, about 13 mm long, purple in color, cordate base, notched apex and wings narrower than the disk. Seeds are flat and grey in color when ripened. The root is thick, woody, stout, long, and darker in color with a peculiar pungent aroma. The rhizome is long (~ 6–12 inch long) and dull orange to yellowish-brown in color with a cambium line. The outer surface is irregularly longitudinally wrinkled, covered with the brownish or yellowish-brown cortex. The transverse section shows white and red parallel lines and continuous rings of star-spots with starch and calcium oxalate in parenchymatous cells. The morphology description above is collected from the literature (CSIR 1972, Polunin and Stainton 1997, Li et al. 2003, Ghimire et al. 2008).
Ovarian cyst and tumors
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Bryan J. Dicken, Deborah F. Billmire
US is the preferred initial modality for characterizing ovarian lesions. Simple cysts can be distinguished from neoplastic cysts and blood flow to the ovary can be determined. Serial examinations can be done for asymptomatic cysts. With precocious puberty, estrogen levels should be measured. US findings suggestive of neoplasm require further workup, as described within the ovarian neoplasm section (Table 81.1).
A Functional Approach to Gynecologic Pain
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
In reproductive-age women, under normal circumstances, the ovary releases an egg (ovulation), which is taken up by one of the fallopian tubes. Sperm enters the uterus, swims into the fallopian tubes, and can fertilize this egg. If the egg is fertilized, pregnancy has occurred and the fertilized egg (embryo) transits down the tube and implants in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). If the egg is not fertilized, a series of hormone changes signals the brain to instruct the body to slough off the endometrium so that the body can try again for pregnancy next cycle. This is the signal for a normal menstrual period. The uterus is an organ made of muscle. The job of the muscle (myometrium) is to squeeze the baby out when that time comes. As the menstrual bleed ends, the hormones again come on-line, and the glandular endometrium begins to thicken in an effort to provide a hospitable environment for a pregnancy to implant. This thickened endometrium is approximately 10 mm at mid-cycle ovulation.
Clinical efficacy of ultrasound-guided interventional therapy in patients with benign ovarian cysts: a meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Yukun Lu, Zuoxi He, Yuedong He
Ovarian function is a critical indicator for assessing female sex hormone secretion and ovulation ability, and reduced ovarian function can affect female fertility (Iwase et al.2010). At present, LH, FSH, E2 and other sex hormones are commonly used to assess ovarian reserve in clinical practice (Laven and Fauser 2006). In the present meta-analysis, E2 levels were significantly higher in patients after ultrasound intervention than in the control group, while LH and FSH levels were significantly lower. Previous studies have reported that surgical treatment of benign ovarian cysts results in damage to follicles and granulosa cells in the ovary, which affects the level of benign ovarian cysts (Ergun et al.2015). The reason why ultrasound-guided interventional therapy has less impact on the body is that it causes less damage to ovarian follicles and granulosa cells than conventional surgery (Xu et al.2019).
Nanotechnological approaches for diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer: a review of recent trends
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Haigang Ding, Juan Zhang, Feng Zhang, Yan Xu, Wenqing Liang, Yijun Yu
Among gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer manifests higher mortality rates that is attributed to its reoccurrence and late diagnosis (Bhatt et al., 2016; Rojas et al., 2016). Within omentum and ovary, the ovarian cancer is characterized by intraperitoneal metastasis and diffuse nature malignant ascites (Chen et al., 2019; Stewart et al., 2019). Patients with ovarian cancer (75%) initially show certain intra-abdominal ailments that support ovarian carcinoma diagnosis and stage III ovarian cancer patients (<40%) have shown a survival rate of approximately 5 years (Giampaolino et al., 2019). Those patients suffering from ovarian cancer relapse have shown a limit up to peritoneum since during therapy the use of intraperitoneal route has shown many toxicities in such patients. As per available literature data, the cross-talk between conventional chemotherapeutics and ovarian cancer cell is not friendly that has led to resistance offered by cancer cells towards these therapeutic cargoes. Consequently, medication resistance and recurrence have been observed in ovarian cancer cells (Tarhriz et al., 2019). The process and steps involved in the ovary carcinogenesis are depicted in Figure 1.
Elevated serum progesterone levels on the hCG trigger day have a negative impact on the live birth rate in the first fresh IVF-ET cycle
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Weihua Jiang, Dong Li, Lihua Zhu, Jie Wang, Linjun Chen, Ningyuan Zhang, Shanshan Wang
Progesterone (PROG) is secreted by the ovary and contributes to normal mammalian ovarian function. More importantly, PROG has several pivotal functions in the course of embryonic development and implantation and is involved in embryonic survival during pregnancy, endometrial receptivity and cellular period transformation from endometrial stromal cells to decidual cells (Salehnia and Zavareh 2013). Infertility has become a global public health issue, and since it has a tendency to increase its incidence in the near future, funding its cause is a key step in addressing infertility. Abnormal PROG level is an important factor in infertility. The current clinical effect on PROG has been controversial, as often happens in the late follicular period of stimulated in-vitro fertilisation (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles, and elevated PROG occurs in 12%–38% of cycles (Bosch et al. 2010).