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Abnormal Skull
Published in Swati Goyal, Neuroradiology, 2020
It has six parts: The intracranial (cisternal) segment.The canalicular (meatal) segment courses through the cerebellopontine angle, together with the CN VIII, to the internal auditory canal.The labyrinthine segment, the shortest and narrowest segment, has three branches, namely the greater superficial petrosal nerve, the lesser and the external petrosal nerve.The tympanic segment.The mastoid segment gives off the nerve to the stapedius and the chorda tympani nerve mainly.The extratemporal segment; after exiting the skull at the stylomastoid foramen, it gives off motor branches, which supply the muscles of facial expression.
Neurological Examination of Malingering
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Neurological Malingering, 2018
Jose L. Henao, Khurram A. Janjua, Alan R. Hirsch
In Bell’s palsy, a symptom is hyperacusis because the nerve innervates the stapedius muscle. This muscle tenses to help prevent the stapes movement in the middle ear, reducing noise. If there is true facial nerve paralysis, a patient will experience sensitivity to loud noise. Patients with acute facial paralysis without hearing sensitivity should raise suspicions of malingering.
Answers
Published in Calver Pang, Ibraz Hussain, John Mayberry, Pre-Clinical Medicine, 2017
Calver Pang, Ibraz Hussain, John Mayberry
Bell’s palsy results from dysfunction of the facial nerve. The course of the facial nerve is complex and involves both intracranial and extracranial routes. The intracranial course starts in the pons and travels through the internal acoustic meatus and enters the facial canal. Within the canal the nerve forms the geniculate ganglion and gives rise to the greater petrosal nerve, nerve to the stapedius and the chorda tympani. Finally the nerve exits the canal via the stylomastoid foramen. The extracranial course involves the entrance into the parotid gland where it terminates by splitting into five branches (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical).
Taste and acoustic reflex after recovery from facial muscle paralysis in patients with facial nerve palsy
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Teruyuki Sato, Nobuo Ohta, Youji Tareishi, Takechiyo Yamada
At 6 months after treatment, the number of subjects with normal AR was significantly smaller than the number of subjects with a normal taste. This demonstrates that it is more difficult for AR to recover than it is for taste. The reason for this surmised to lie in the thinness of the nerves in the ear: thin nerve fibers are said to be more resistant to compression and pathological invasion than thick nerve fibers [6,13]. In addition, recovery of nerve damage usually begins in thick nerves [13]. Because the nerve thickness is in the order of facial nerve main trunk > chorda tympani > nerve to stapedius [14], there is the possibility that recovery of the nerve to the stapedius is delayed. Since the stapedius muscle is a striated muscle, the possibility of muscle disuse with prolonged nerve palsy should also be considered. Therefore, since the disuse of the stapedius muscle has a small effect in the early stage of onset, the AR can be used as a prognostic factor for FMP, in which AR appears if nerve damage is weak. However, it is also affected by the disuse of the stapedius muscle in the late stage of onset. It also suggests that AR may not be expressed even if the FNP is restored. These will need to be considered more thoroughly in the future.
Peripheral auditory dysfunction secondary to traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of literature
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
Bojana Šarkić, Jacinta. M. Douglas, Andrea Simpson
Acoustic reflex (AR) testing evaluates bilateral ipsilateral and contra-lateral AR pathways, including external auditory meatus, cochlea, cochlear nerve, ventral cochlear nucleus, medial superior olivary complex, the facial nerve and the stapedius muscle (43). From a clinical point of view, the AR thresholds are useful in the diagnosis and/or confirmation of numerous pathologies, including but not limited to; CHL, SNHL, mixed HL, retro-cochlear and cochlear losses. AR testing was utilized across 6 studies (24,28,29,32,35,36) on 517 participants. Results were reported as either present or absent, ipsi-laterally and/or contra-laterally (See Table 3).