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Dyslipidemia
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
To prevent ASCVD, a heart-healthy diet and exercise regimen is essential. The lowering of LDL for all age groups also includes medications, dietary supplements, various procedures, and experimental treatments. Regarding diet, there must be less intake of cholesterol and saturated fats, and an increased proportion of complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber. An ideal body weight is the goal. Many people – primarily older patients – benefit from referral to a dietitian. Exercise reduces LDL in most patients and helps maintain an ideal body weight. Medications are indicated for some patients after risks and benefits of statin therapy have been discussed.
Renal Disease
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Molly Wong Vega, Poyyapakkam Srivaths
Short stature can be an inherent complication related to CKD. Thus, height-for-age adjustment is recommended when assessing appropriateness of BMI and an ideal body weight calculation to ensure appropriate goals associated with appropriate proportionality of body composition. When height-for-age z-score < −2, it is recommended that the BMI plot for the height age be adjusted to where the measured height intersects the 50th percentile. See Chapter 1 for more information about height age.
Ketogenic Diets
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Douglas R. Nordli, Dorcas Koenigsberger, Joanne Schroeder, Darryl C. de Vivo
Prior to the initiation of the diet, a nutrition support team or registered dietician (RD) performs a comprehensive assessment. A history of any prior gastrointestinal problems, food allergies, and feeding difficulties, such as problems with sucking, swallowing, and chewing, are elicited. Various anthropomorphic measurements are obtained and charted. These include the patient’s weight, height, usual weight, weight pattern since birth, and head circumference. Weight-for-age and height-for-age are plotted, and ideal body weight-for-height is determined. Laboratory data are used as another tool for nutritional assessment of the patient. Commonly, these tests should include serum proteins, lipid profile, baseline electrolytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell indices.
The effect of obesity on human reproductive health and foetal life
Published in Human Fertility, 2022
Serap Incedal Irgat, Hande Bakirhan
The desire to have children is powerful and widespread, but for a sizeable minority, such a desire is not easily fulfilled. Challenges to fertility arise from genetic abnormalities, infectious or environmental agents, delayed childbearing, behaviour, and certain diseases. Modifiable factors, including obesity, contribute to the burden of infertility. Ideal body weight has been found to prevent the public health problem of infertility. According to the literature, the reproductive system is adversely affected by increasing BMI. Obesity has often been associated with ovulatory and menstrual dysfunction and subsequent infertility, the increased risk of miscarriage, and the decreased effectiveness of assisted reproduction techniques. Obesity is also responsible for sperm DNA fragmentation. It affects semen parameters as well as sperm morphology and motility through various mechanisms in males, and it is a potential risk for infertility via ovulatory disorders in females. Obesity has also been associated with infertility as well as increased pregnancy loss. Various interventions, including healthy eating behaviours and weight management strategies, can be a key solution to reducing the infertility rate associated with obesity. Healthy, balanced, and adequate nutrition is as important for healthy embryo development or sperm formation and the continuity of foetal life.
The association of interleukin-6, interleukin-27, and body roundness index with gestational diabetes mellitus
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Dilek Tutar, Feyza Nur İncesu Çintesun, Oğuzhan Günenç, Çiğdem Damla Çetinkaya
The definition of obesity in pregnancy varies among studies, with pregnant women who exceed 110% to 120% of ideal body weight or 91 kg or body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 being described as obese (Davies et al. 2010). In one study, the risk of GDM was 3.76 times higher in obese pregnant women compared to pregnant women at normal weight (Torloni et al. 2009). The body roundness index (BRI) is a newly defined anthropometric index shown to better predict physical health status because it is superior to BMI as an indicator of visceral adipose tissue and body fat percentage (Tian et al. 2016). In the literature there is only one study about BRI in pregnancy that is investigating the relationship between the use of spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section and BRI in term pregnant women (Kozanhan et al. 2020).
Impact of objective nutritional indexes on 1-year mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a prospective observational cohort study
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2021
Mehmet Kucukosmanoglu, Salih Kilic, Orsan Deniz Urgun, Seyda Sahin, Arafat Yildirim, Omer Sen, İbrahim Halil Kurt
Objective nutritional index (geriatric nutritional risk index [GNRI], prognostic nutritional index [PNI] and controlling nutritional status [CONUT]) scores were calculated at the time of hospital admission. The GNRI was calculated using a previously reported method: GNRI = 1.489 × albumin (g/L) + 41.7 × body weight (kg)/ideal bodyweight (kg) [25]. Height and weight were measured within 24 h before TAVI. The ideal body weight was calculated as follows: body height − 100 – [(body height −150)/4] for males, and body height − 100 – [(body height − 150)/2.5] for females [26]. The PNI, another nutritional screening tool, was calculated using the formula:10 × serum albumin (g/dL) + 0.005 × total lymphocytes (count per mm3) [22]. The CONUT score consists of three variables: serum albumin, total cholesterol and total lymphocyte count [27]. The calculation of the CONUT score is summarised in Table 1. Patients with CONUT scores of 9–12, 5–8 and 2–4 were considered to have a severe, moderate and mild risk of malnutrition, respectively. Those with a score of 0–1 were considered to have normal nutritional status. The BMI was calculated using the formula: BMI = weight (kg)/(height (m)2.