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Principles of lower limb prosthetics and rehabilitation
Published in Maneesh Bhatia, Essentials of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 2021
Rajiv S Hanspal, John Sullivan
Designed to facilitate specific activities that cannot be achieved using a general day-to-day limb. Dedicated activity prostheses are usually prescribed for leisure and sports including swimming, running, cycling, skiing and climbing. Prosthetic foot modules are available designed to accommodate a variety of activities ranging between day-to-day walking and function as well as leisure activities such as the gym. For example, a carbon fibre foot module with a shock absorber can be used for daily use and higher impact sports. It is often the case that a specific design of prosthesis is only required for individuals participating in an activity at club or competitive level. Examples here include running blades for use on the track or a bespoke cycling prosthesis for competitive cycling. A water activity prosthesis (18) may be required for occupational reasons or to access a swimming pool. Standard foot modules that are also waterproof can be used to access water-based environments. A more specific device with an adjustable ankle and flipper attachment may be required for diving. It should be noted that the majority of amputees who swim do so without a prosthesis.
Chest wall deformities
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Robert E. Kelly, Marcelo Martinez-Ferro, Horacio Abramson
The pectus bar is positioned inside the chest with its convexity facing posteriorly with an equal amount of bar protruding on each side. Using the specially designed Biomet bar flippers, the bar is rotated 180 degrees, achieving an immediate correction to the pectus deformity (Figure 20.17). The sides of the bar should be resting comfortably against the musculature and should not be too tight or too loose. If the bar does not fit snugly on each side because of pressure on the middle, the bar can be reflipped and molded as necessary while still in place in the chest.
Musculoskeletal and Soft-Tissue Emergencies
Published in Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan, Emergency Medicine, 2020
Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan
Deep palmar and web space infectionsThese cause pain, swelling and loss of function with localized tenderness and the development of a ‘flipper’ hand, from pronounced swelling on to the dorsum of the hand.Refer the patient directly to the orthopaedic team.
Prevalence of binocular vision dysfunctions in professional football players
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Jorge Jorge, Alberto Diaz-Rey, Madalena Lira
The vergence facility was performed at distance and near vision with the athlete looking at a high-contrast 6/9 column of Snellen letters. The athlete was instructed to keep a vertical line of 6/9 letters single and clear as the flipper of 12Δ base-out and 6Δ base-in prism was abruptly introduced. As soon as the athlete saw a single image, the flipper was quickly changed to the opposite base power. The test was repeated for 1 min and the value of the cycles (1 cycle = 1-time base-in and base-out) was recorded in cycles per minute. Prior to conducting this study, pilot testing was conducted in a small group of athletes using the traditional 12Δ BO/3Δ BI prism flippers recommended for measuring the vergence facility. In the pilot study, it was found that, irrespective of phoric conditions and fusional reserves, the normality criterion was met (unpublished data). Therefore, the value of the prisms used for the vergence facility test was increased, and by doing so, differences between the different populations were observed.
Binocular Function Parameters in Elite Football Players
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2022
As recommended by Rosenfield et al., distance base-in ranges were measured before base-out to avoid vergence adaptation.25 The vergence facility was performed at near fixation, with the athlete looking at a high contrast 20/30 column of Snellen letters. The athlete was instructed to keep a vertical line of 20/30 letters single and clear as the flipper of 12 Δ base-out and 6 Δ base-in prism was abruptly introduced. If sufficient fusional vergence was available, the athlete would appreciate a single, clear image almost immediately. A report of diplopia would indicate that the athletes could not immediately restore binocularity. When this happened, the athlete was instructed to try to fuse the images. As soon as the athlete saw a single image, the flipper was quickly changed to the opposite base power. The test was repeated for 1 min and the value of the cycles (1 cycle = 1-time base-in and base-out) was recorded in cycles per minute (cpm).
Analysis of the vergence facility test using different prismatic dioptric powers
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2023
Diana Soriano Pina, Elvira Orduna-Hospital, Carmen López-de-la-Fuente
Vergence amplitude was tested using a step vergence method with a prism bar and a VA Snellen chart of 6/7.5, presented as a vertical line of letters. The VF of the 122 healthy subjects was evaluated using three prismatic flippers with different powers: 8BI/8BO∆, 3BI/12BO∆ and 5BI/15BO∆. These prismatic values have been referred frequently in the literature. The patient was required to fix the vertical Snellen line to which two figures and polarised bars had been added to control the suppression while wearing polarised glasses. This approach can lead to lower cpm results, as demonstrated by Momeni et al.19