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Upper Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
Extensor digiti minimi originates from the common extensor tendon and neighboring intermuscular septa (Standring 2016). It inserts via a bifurcated tendon that often joins with the extensor digitorum tendon to insert onto the dorsal digital expansion of digit five (Standring 2016).
The hand
Published in Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse, Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
Extensor tendons Extensor tendon rupture is a common complication of chronic synovitis. Extensor digiti minimi is usually the first to go and predicts rupture of the other tendons. Treatment consists of suturing the distal tendon stump to an adjacent tendon, inserting a bridge graft (e.g. palmaris longus) or performing a tendon transfer (e.g. extensor indicis proprius). Synovectomy and excision of the distal ulna may also be necessary.
Upper Limb
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
As its name indicates, the extensor digitorum inserts on various digits: As explained above, because of the high mobility and freedom of the thumb, the extensores and flexores digitorum in humans insert on digits 2, 3, 4, and 5, but not 1. Also, the simple name “extensor digitorum” indicates that, unlike the anterior compartment of the forearm that contains both a flexor digitorum superficialis and a flexor digitorum profundus, the posterior compartment contains only one long extensor muscle for digits 2, 3, 4, and 5. Logically, this single muscle is the antagonist of the two flexor digitorum muscles of the anterior compartment: That is, it performs the opposite action (extension vs. flexion) and can extend both the middle and the distal phalanges of digits 2, 3, 4, and 5. The extensor digitorum and all the other extensors of the forearm that attach onto fingers (digits 2 to 5) are able to reach the middle and distal phalanges because they are associated with the extensor expansions (or dorsal expansions, or dorsal hoods) attached to the phalanges of these digits (Plate 4.14). The extensor digitorum passes deep (anterior or ventral) to the extensor retinaculum, and its four distal tendons are tied together by intertendinous connections at the hand region. Just medially to the extensor digitorum lies the extensor digiti minimi, which as its name indicates inserts only onto digit 5 (the littlest finger, thence the designation “minimi”). Medially to this muscle lies the extensor carpi ulnaris, which as indicated by its name goes to the ulnar side of the carpal region and thus extends and adducts the hand.
Radial nerve palsy following humeral shaft fracture: a theoretical PNF rehabilitation approach for tendon and nerve transfers
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Lauren Fader, John Nyland, Hao Li, Brandon Pyle, Kei Yoshida
During Phase II, the individual performs high-frequency (hourly), low-intensity donor muscle group activation “fisting,” and low-intensity PNF isometric “position and hold” exercises. Long-term treatment effectiveness is directly related to the motor learning developed during this phase. Early use of high intensity manually resisted scapular PNF patterns at the ipsilateral and contralateral upper extremity may facilitate involved side proximal-to-distal overflow to the wrist and finger extensors, and thumb extensors-abductors. Manually resisted scapular PNF patterns may be safely applied with high intensity at both upper extremities as no direct load is applied to the healing humerus fracture site. Distally, at the involved upper extremity hand and wrist, a passive rhythmic initiation PNF technique can be used within specific ranges of motion in conjunction with verbal cues to open the hand, and extend the wrist, or close the hand, and flex the wrist following a quick stretch stimulus (Adler, Beckers, and Buck, 2008; Saliba, Johnson, and Wardlaw, 1993). Manually applied wrist, metacarpophalangeal, or interphalangeal joint approximation, or slight traction may improve joint stability or mobility, respectively. These techniques should improve extensor carpi radialis brevis generated wrist extension-abduction, extensor digitorum communis generated proximal and distal interphalangeal joint and wrist extension, extensor digiti minimi generated little finger metacarpophalangeal joint extension, and extensor carpi ulnaris generated wrist extension-adduction.
Experts, but not novices, exhibit StartReact indicating experts use the reticulospinal system more than novices
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2021
Brandon M. Bartels, Maria Jose Quezada, Vengateswaran J. Ravichandran, Claire F. Honeycutt
EMG data were collected at 3000 Hz with Ag/AgCl bipolar surface electrodes [MVAP Medical Supplies, Newbury Park, CA], two Bortec AMT-8 amplifiers [Bortec Biomedical Ltd., Canada], and a 16-bit data acquisition system (NI USB-6363, National Instrumentation, Austin, TX). The amplifiers (gain = 3000) had an internal bandpass filter set at 10-1000 Hz. To record finger extension and flexion, EMG was collected from the Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB - thumb), Extensor Digitorium Communis (ED2-index, ED3- middle, ED4- ring), Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM - little), and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (F2/3- index/middle, F4-ring, F5-little) muscles using a protocol established in the literature for evaluating individuated finger movements (Leijnse, Campbell-Kyureghyan, Spektor, & Quesada, 2008). To monitor startle, the right and left Sternocleidomastoid (RSCM, LSCM) muscles were recorded (Carlsen, Maslovat, Lam, Chua, & Franks, 2011; Leow et al., 2018). In addition to EMG, the keystroke was monitored using the change in voltage from the instrumented keyboard.
Ossification of the pseudarthrosis following the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure: a case report and review of the literature
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Jesse Seilern und Aspang, David Böckmann, Jochen Erhart, Thomas Haider
The procedure was performed under general anesthesia and pneumatic tourniquet with the patient in supine position. A curved skin incision was made over the fifth extensor compartment. Care was taken not to damage the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve. After subluxation of the extensor digiti minimi tendon, the DRUJ was opened and the preparation was carried out more proximally to facilitate the planned osteotomy. Care was taken to preserve the periosteum before resecting 7 mm of the subcapital ulnar shaft under fluoroscopic control and the remaining periosteal ulnar flap was sutured together as an interposition to stabilize the proximal ulna. The distal ulnar head and radial fovea was prepared with a drill burr to facilitate bony fusion. Finally, the arthrodesis of the DRUJ was performed with a 3.5 mm lag screw and 1.8 mm k-wire. After hemostasis, the extensor digiti minimi tendon remained subcutaneously and the wound was closed using interrupted sutures. No suction drain was used. Postoperatively, a below the elbow splint was applied for 6 weeks and early active and passive forearm rotation was performed.